If the cosmos was created out of nothingness in the Big Bang, what determined the size (or scale) of fundamental particles, like the proton and the electron? In the past people thought that GOD determined their scale, but this is not a scientific answer. So, what may have determined the scale of material existence?
I do not know the scientific answer. More philosophically, the proton and the electron may be fundamental particles based on our current understanding, but, one belief is that the universe goes to the infinitum both to the macrocosmos as well as to the microcosmos. Thus, the understanding of proton and electrons as "fundamental particles" might be elusive.
Is it possible that the scale of existence is slowly increasing, and that this is the essence of the cosmological expansion?
The scale used to measure physical attributes such as time determines how we interpret reality. How could we measure some attribute that goes beyond our physical ability to perceive it, such as cosmological expansion? I apologize for my limited knowledge of physics and cosmology.n
There might be no fixed scale for material particles. The universal scale might slowly change with time. This could be the true nature of the cosmological expansion. This new scale-expanding cosmos model agrees with all astronomical observations, and also explains both the Dark Energy and the Dark Matter,
The metric potentials scale the size of particles, relative to particles at another location described by a different metric potential. See for example;
Article AN ENGINEERING MODEL OF QUANTUM GRAVITY
Presentation AN ENGINEERING MODEL OF QUANTUM GRAVITY (SLIDES)
In a different point of view, if the initial creation was in scale 5 of the squeezed quantum states, then it would expand enough to convert to scale 4. Scale 4 is the occurrence of 4 dimensional worm holes in a 6 dimensional folded space time. Worm holes at scale 4 predict rapid expansion continuing until conversion to scale 3 which is still 6 dimensional folded space time, but expanding more slowly. At conversion to scale 2 an unfolding begins and is described as 5 dimensions. Eventually scale one occurs which is General Relativity 4 dimensions and invariant Planck Constant. It follows from the requirements of deep space transport at high speed where it can be tested.
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