Well,

From isotope point of view and paleo-climatic study as in the attached link, I quote ( Based on the isotope analysis of deuterium, oxygen-18, tritium, carbon-13 and carbon-14, the recharge of the carbonate aquifer is mainly from direct infiltration of atmospheric water (Rainfalls and / or runoff previously occurred 31500 years Bp) originated to Indian low pressure depression through exposure outcrops within Hauran catchments area of (600-740) m.asl due to south and southwest Rutba town (western desert - Iraq).

The reachable transit time of replenishment is of about 29000 years calculated by traditional hydrogeologic technique, which is closed to the value of residence time that detected by 14 C dating (31500 years).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303856990_APPLICATION_OF_ENVIRONMENTAL_ISOTOPES_TECHNIQUE_IN_GROUNDWATER_RECHARGE_WITHIN_MULLUSA_CARBONATE_AQUIFER-WEST_IRAQ

Sincerely

Well,

From isotope point of view and paleo-climatic study as in the attached link, I quote ( Based on the isotope analysis of deuterium, oxygen-18, tritium, carbon-13 and carbon-14, the recharge of the carbonate aquifer is mainly from direct infiltration of atmospheric water (Rainfalls and / or runoff previously occurred 31500 years Bp) originated to Indian low pressure depression through exposure outcrops within Hauran catchments area of (600-740) m.asl due to south and southwest Rutba town (western desert - Iraq).

The reachable transit time of replenishment is of about 29000 years calculated by traditional hydrogeologic technique, which is closed to the value of residence time that detected by 14 C dating (31500 years).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303856990_APPLICATION_OF_ENVIRONMENTAL_ISOTOPES_TECHNIQUE_IN_GROUNDWATER_RECHARGE_WITHIN_MULLUSA_CARBONATE_AQUIFER-WEST_IRAQ

Sincerely

Thanks Sir, Dr Bayan Hussien. I agree with you. Following.

The sources of water in deserts are based on groundwater available from both of dug wells and natural flowing springs as well rainwater harvesting.