for biodiversity protection we need consider three basic factors of ecological, social and economic in the societies where the biodiversity protection has been targeted.

Biodiversity is not constant factor; and it depended more of live cycle and also of climat change. Development of one-six species and an incrising of they populations can be not effective for the ecosysteme.

So, it need to protect the clean water of Nile, as 1-2 crocodiles ... for exemple

Regulation only is not sufficient it need also strong enforcement. Often this parts fails after the implementation of laws.

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG,

I propose the following proposal for a research topic in this area: How should nature conservation and biodiversity be developed?

In your opinion, how should nature conservation, biological ecosystems, individual species of flora and fauna and biodiversity be developed?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Hi.

In my opinion, one of the main present problems is the increasing number of visitors to many protected areas in which there is a low degree of surveillance, being very difficult to avoid some negative effects in them. On the other hand, massive sport activities (like mountain races) are not compatible with the conservation of biodiversity and the landscape, especially in the case of good preserved areas.

Bes regards.

The problems are selfishnes, greed and apathy.

I wish I knew the answers to propose some change in peoples attitude.

In the context of the above considerations, the following question is also current:

How should nature conservation and biodiversity be developed?

In your opinion, how should nature conservation, biological ecosystems, individual species of flora and fauna and biodiversity be developed?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318760929_My_Village_Biodiversity_Documentation_of_Western_Ghats_Biodiversity_through_Network_of_Students_and_Teachers

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331076568_Global_Warming_Mitigation_Through_Carbon_Sequestrations_in_the_Central_Western_Ghats/stats

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323180165_Salient_Ecological_Sensitive_Regions_of_Central_Western_Ghats_India

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332331409_Sustainable_Management_of_Bannerghatta_National_Park_India_with_the_Insights_in_Land_Cover_Dynamics

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301609558_Geospatial_analysis_of_forest_fragmentation_in_Uttara_Kannada_District_India

In the context of the above considerations, I also propose the following research problem:

One of the natural ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity are the tropical rainforests of the subtropics. The area of these forests decreases year by year. In this way planet Earth is poorer in terms of biodiversity, including many unique species of flora and fauna that live in these forest formations, for example in the tropical Amazonian forest, i.e. the largest natural forest complex. From year to year, many unique species of flora and fauna, including species not yet discovered, unrecognized or described, are lost irretrievably.

It is estimated that many species of flora and fauna occurring in tropical rainforests of the Amazon, in this unique, natural forest, characterized by high biodiversity, have not yet been completely discovered. In addition, there are many species of flora and fauna found in tropical rainforests of the Amazon, which have been found, discovered but have not yet been thoroughly researched and described, have not been named.

Much of the undiscovered species of flora and fauna found in tropical rainforests of the Amazon can never be discovered, because the Amazon rainforest is cut so quickly and its area is rapidly decreasing. Unfortunately, due to the type of soil and the specific microclimate created by the tropical forest, it is not possible to recreate a fully cut forest of the tropical forest without the use of huge expenditure. Because the cut forest is often not reproduced, so the soil becomes barren and the area of ​​the former steppe forest.

In this way, humanity loses irretrievably the enormous potential of biodiversity of undiscovered species of flora and fauna. The value of this biodiversity of undiscovered species of flora and fauna occurring in tropical rainforests of the Amazon can be a loss of knowledge important for science contained in this biodiversity and individual organisms of living flora and fauna. For example, they may be unique biochemical substances produced by living organisms, fauna and also fungi that could be new medicines in medicine, new crops in organic agriculture resistant to specific viral, bacterial, parasite, etc. diseases. it is also knowledge about organic compounds that have not yet been recognized, which could be applied in various branches of industry developed in accordance with the concept of sustainable, pro-ecological development, according to the green economy concept.

In view of the above, humanity loses great potential for the development of science and technology by cutting out natural biological ecosystems, in particular those characterized by high biodiversity of tropical rain forests. Tropical forests and many other natural biological ecosystems as entire ecosystems have evolved over millions of years. The evolution of millions of years (not only individual species according to Darwinian evolution) but above all the evolution of entire ecosystems analyzed as a process of integrated evolution of thousands or millions of ecologically connected species of flora, fauna, fungi, bacteria and viruses has led to the creation of, for example, tropical Amazonian forest characterized by enormous potential of biodiversity, so huge that many species of living organisms in this wild forest have not yet been recognized.

Many such areas characterized by high biodiversity disappear irretrievably from the Earth's surface. The natural highly biodiverse ecosystems that have been created for millions of years now disappear in a moment, because the appearance of man on Earth in the context of the millennia of evolution of life on Earth is just a moment. Are such activities typical of a rational being? Is it only lack of knowledge, lack of awareness of societies about how much humanity loses, how much it loses in the potential of science and technology development in the situation of cutting natural highly biodiverse ecosystems that will not be reborn themselves, they will not recreate themselves without the use of huge expenditures, usually much larger than profits from the wood obtained from the forest?

Please reply

Biodiversity in tropical area very rich. Not only in rain forest but also tropical coral reef, mangrove zone etc consists a very rich flora and fauna. Due to loss of mangrove area, many species particularly meiofauna going to be extinct.

Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG,

In line with the above, I suggest continuing the discussion on the following topic:

Determinants of improving systems and programs for nature protection.

The above discussion inspired me to formulate the following question:

What environmental reforms should be developed to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of nature protection programs and the unique natural biodiversity occurring on planet Earth?

Based on the above considerations and conclusions from the discussion on interesting issues discussed, I formulated the following thesis that biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere is very important for people, but humanity probably does not yet realize how important it is for humans to protect biodiversity.

Below I have described the key determinants confirming the formulated research thesis. To the above discussion, I would like to add the following conclusion formulated as a summary of my earlier considerations on this topic: the importance of the planet's natural biodiversity and the need to protect it. Biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere is therefore very important, because if we don't take care of it, we can soon destroy civilization. Maintaining the biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere is a key challenge for humanity in the 21st century. If humanity does not protect biodiversity from negative factors of civilization development, the deepening imbalance in nature will lead to exceeding the critical point of this imbalance, after which it will no longer be possible to return to balance and the destruction of many life forms, including people, may be inevitable already XXII century. Exceeding this critical point of equilibrium in nature may appear in a dozen or so years if the acceleration rate of the global warming process is still as fast as in recent years. so there is not much time left for humanity to realize how important it is to protect the biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere and how quickly the necessary ecological reforms should be carried out.

Due to the growing pollution of the environment and the globar warming process which is progressing faster and faster, teaching ecological issues is very important. Teaching ecology should be implemented at every level of education. As part of ecological issues, the ecology curriculum should include the principles of sustainable pro-ecological development carried out in accordance with the principles of green economy. The implementation of eco-friendly development principles into economic processes requires the development of ecological innovations and their implementation in pro-ecological economic ventures, as well as implementation of pro-ecological reforms in various branches and sectors of the economy, including in the energy sector through the development of renewable energy sources. Pro-ecological business ventures should be conducted and financed by both the public and private sectors and should be financed, among others, from green finance sources. Implementing environmentally friendly reforms can significantly slow down adverse climate change processes. In this way, humanity can protect not only themselves from climate Armageddon but also most species of flora and fauna, i.e. biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere. Therefore, the implementation of economic principles of pro-ecological development and protection of the biodiversity of the Earth's biosphere into economic processes is a key challenge for humanity in the 21st century. The principles of sustainable pro-ecological development should be taught at every stage of the education process. In addition, new internet media, including social media portals, as well as new ICT and ICT 4.0 information technologies should be involved in this process to promote a high level of relevance in society.

However, in the past, the impending threat to the development of human civilization and to the terrestrial biosphere and natural biodiversity was not noticed. These threats were not recognized because until the end of the 20th century the scale of environmental pollution and the global warming process seemed harmless to the Earth's biosphere. However, taking into account the increasingly rapid global warming process and the increasing pollution of the environment, to avoid climate armageddon, which may appear at the end of the 21st century, classic economy must change to green economy, therefore capitalism must change to green capitalism.

The strong increase in forest fires in various climate zones of the planet Earth recorded in 2019 is a serious warning signal for humanity. It is a kind of SOS signal sent by the Earth's nature towards man, that the development of civilization with the negative effects of this development is approaching the critical point of imbalance in nature. After exceeding this critical point, it will no longer be possible to stop the global warming process that is accelerating and the destruction of most of the Earth's biosphere at the end of the 21st century will become a reality. Climatologists estimate that the necessary ecological reforms in global terms should be carried out by 2030 at the latest for effective slowing down of the global warming process. If this plan is not implemented, then by the end of the 21st century the average temperature at the Earth's surface will increase by another min. 3-4 degrees, which will result in an increase in climate disasters. However, there are still a few, max. several years to implement environmentally friendly reforms globally, implement sustainable economic development in economic processes conducted in accordance with the green economy philosophy.

In view of the above, in the context of increasingly faster climate change processes and increasing environmental pollution, systems for international financing of pro-ecological projects should be created. As part of these systems, international institutions should be created to finance projects for implementing ecological reforms, creating and implementing eco-innovation, etc. Grants should be awarded for research projects in the field of biodiversity protection. In Europe, the institutions that can finance such projects are, for example, European Union subsidy programs, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On a global scale, the World Bank may be such an institution. However, such programs for international financing of ecological projects are still underdeveloped. International financing systems for the creation and implementation of eco-friendly innovations and pro-ecological reforms in many branches of modern economies should be developed, primarily in the energy sector through the development of renewable energy sources. National and international systems for financing pro-ecological reforms in the green finance formula should be developed.

It is necessary to implement the principles of sustainable ecological development as soon as possible in accordance with the green economy philosophy and to finance ecological reforms from green finance sources. Time is short. It is not certain that humanity will completely reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050. It is also not certain that if humanity succeeds, the global warming process will cease to deepen. However, implementing the principles of sustainable pro-ecological development is a necessity and the biggest challenge in the 21st century. Therefore, high economic growth should no longer be a priority, but just the implementation of sustainable development principles in line with the green economy philosophy and financing of green reforms from green finance sources.

Individual countries should cooperate with each other and make key decisions globally, according to which they would recognize that high economic growth should no longer be a priority, but rather the implementation of the principles of sustainable pro-ecological development. Some developing countries consider high economic growth to be a priority, but high economic growth usually generates the most garbage, the highest pollution is caused by industrial waste emissions and the highest greenhouse gas emissions. Of course, the scale of this problem is correlated with the level of greening the economy, e.g. how much of the power industry produces electricity in a given country based on renewable energy sources. There are large differences on this scale between individual developed and developing countries.

However, global warming is a global problem, so international cooperation is needed to change priorities. Now in all countries of the world it should be recognized as the most important urgent implementation of the principles of sustainable pro-ecological development in accordance with the green economy philosophy, even if it is associated with a slowdown in economic growth. Unfortunately, there is less and less time to change these priorities. In connection with the above, it is necessary to transform the classic economy and capitalism into the green economy as soon as possible by implementing the principles of sustainable pro-ecological economic development, including financing the creation and implementation of pro-ecological innovations and pro-ecological reforms in many branches of modern economies, primarily in energy through the development of renewable energy sources . Ecological refiom financing systems should be developed in the green finance formula.

Therefore, the current question is: Will humanity use the remaining time to implement this plan of rapid implementation of the principles of sustainable ecological development. It is the biggest global civilization challenge for humanity in the 21st century. Regardless of whether man manages to stop the global warming process in the 21st century or not, humanity should maximize expenditure on the protection of the Earth's biosphere, including biodiversity, reclamation of a degraded environment, the development of renewable energy sources and other key ecological activities and reforms. Humanity should transform classical economy and capitalism into green economy as soon as possible.

In view of the above, the strong increase in the scale of forest fires in 2019 in various climate zones of the planet Earth is a serious warning signal for humanity. It is a kind of SOS signal sent by the Earth's nature towards man, that the development of civilization with the negative effects of this development is approaching the critical point of imbalance in nature. After crossing this critical point, it will no longer be possible to stop the global warming process that is accelerating and the destruction of most of the Earth's biosphere at the end of the 21st century will become a reality. Time is running out. In this connection, key questions arise: What should a man do regarding the implementation of sustainable development principles in the coming years? How to protect the Earth's biosphere, natural biodiversity and thus also humanity against destruction, against climate armageddon at the end of the 21st century?

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following questions:

- What ecological reforms should be developed in order to increase the effectiveness of implementation of nature protection programs and the unique natural biodiversity occurring on planet Earth?

- What should a man do regarding the implementation of sustainable development principles in the coming years?

- How to protect the Earth's biosphere, natural biodiversity and thus also humanity against destruction, against climate armageddon at the end of the 21st century?

- How should the processes of implementing the principles of sustainable pro-ecological economic development conducted in accordance with the green economy philosophy be improved?

- Is it necessary to improve nature protection systems and programs?

- What are the determinants of improving systems and programs for nature protection?

- What do you think about this topic?

- What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply.

I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation.

Thank you very much.

Best wishes.

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Due to the growing negative externalities of the development of civilization, the importance of improving instruments and systems for nature protection, natural ecosystems and biodiversity is growing. In connection with the development of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic causing Covid-19 disease, the question arises about the impact of the current pandemic on the issue of people's awareness of the importance of natural biodiversity for maintaining environmental balance and human role in the context of these issues. Biodiversity in nature is important because it is most responsible for the ability of entire natural ecosystems to adapt to changing geological, climatic and environmental conditions. Biodiversity of natural ecosystems has been created for millions of years in nature and now it is up to humans to decide what will happen in the future with biodiversity. Therefore, man should take care to preserve the current state of natural biodiversity to the greatest extent and to restore biodiversity in industrially degraded places. Currently, due to the development of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic, there has been a significant decline in industrial production in many places around the world due to falling demand and home quarantine. As a result, environmental pollution has decreased in these regions of the world and greenhouse gas emissions have decreased. Perhaps the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus epidemic will increase the significance and discussion on the protection of natural biodiversity, maintaining balance in nature, nature protection and the need to implement sustainable development principles to limit and slow down adverse climate change processes. Accordingly, the following question arises: Will the development of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic increase the importance of various aspects of ecology in general public awareness, including, among others, the importance of protecting nature, natural ecosystems and biodiversity?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply.

I invite you to discussion.

Thank you very much for participating in the discussion.

Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Perhaps one of the secondary effects of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic will be the acceleration of the processes of improving environmental protection systems and instruments and the implementation of sustainable development. Probably the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic is already causing an increase in environmental and ecological awareness, including an increase in the scale of reflection, reflection on the role of man in nature, on the relationship regarding the effects of the development of civilization on the natural environment, including natural ecosystems and biodiversity. There should also be an increase in ecological awareness of the need to develop systems and instruments for nature protection, the need for urgent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to counteract the increasingly faster global warming process. Therefore, the 21st century should be the age of development, improvement of nature protection systems, natural ecosystems, biodiversity, creation and implementation of eco-innovation in economic processes, and implementation of the process of pro-ecological transformation of a traditional, brown, linear economy into a sustainable green economy / circular economy.

In view of the above, I would like to add the following question to this discussion: In your countries, as part of the environmental (ecological) policy, the improvement of systems and instruments of nature protection, protection of natural ecosystems and biodiversity is an important element in the process of implementing the principles of sustainable development and pro-ecological transformation of the traditional, brown, linear economy into a sustainable green economy / circular economy?

What is your view on this?

What's your opinion on this topic?

Please reply, Regards, have a nice day,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

challenge of strike a balance between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being... Bennett, E. M., Cramer, W., Begossi, A., Cundill, G., Díaz, S., Egoh, B. N., ... & Woodward, G. (2015). Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: three challenges for designing research for sustainability. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 14, 76-85.

... Urban landscapes are spatially constrained, and vegetative land uses that provide beneficial ecosystem services are difficult to maintain... Lin, B. B., Philpott, S. M., & Jha, S. (2015). The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services: Challenges and next steps. Basic and applied ecology, 16(3), 189-201.

… the practical integration of food security and biodiversity conservation is most challenging … Fischer, J., Abson, D. J., Bergsten, A., Collier, N. F., Dorresteijn, I., Hanspach, J., ... & Senbeta, F. (2017). Reframing the food–biodiversity challenge. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(5), 335-345.

effects of ocean sprawl...Continued human population growth and associated development of coasts and offshore waters have led to marine and coastal environments that are increasingly dominated by artificial (engineered) structures, termed “ocean sprawl” (Duarte et al., 2012, Firth et al., 2016a)... Firth, L. B., Knights, A. M., Bridger, D., Evans, A., Mieskowska, N., Moore, P. J., ... & Hawkins, S. J. (2016). Ocean sprawl: challenges and opportunities for biodiversity management in a changing world.

Dear D A Gayan Nayanajith,

Thank you very much for your proposals for issues related to the development of new techniques and determinants of biodiversity protection of natural ecosystems, protection of nature and climate of the planet Earth.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz