I can only offer the early work of Immanuel Wallerstein who did research on the subsistence economy and its role in the integration in a globalised capitalist economy in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. He actualized his findings in newer books - but only on a theoretic level.

thanks Mr. Philpp. I have studied Mr. Immanuel Wallerstein. If you have any new things please let me know. I am doing my graduate research on the given topic.

Dear Durga, If I understand the term contract farming, it reflects an agreement between a farmer and a buyer of produce creating ready market for the farmer's produce. contract farming in this case, stimulates appropriate investment by the farmers in their fields presuming a ready market for their produce at the end of harvest. some farmers who are mostly financially constrained are supported financially and through the supply of vital inputs for cropping. This has food security and poverty reduction implications. Risk/constraints with such agreements include breaching of the contract by any of the partners in agreement. The farmer may end up selling the produce to other people at a much higher price in pursuit of making higher profits (as a rationale being). The farmer having invested much in his field (in case of no support from the contractor) may face a risk of the buyer not holding onto his part of the deal (as a result of changes in the market eg. decreased price of the goods on the market which would make him better off should he decide to buy from the market instead). With the two holding firmly onto their sides of the contract, climatic and biophysical related variables like low precipitation, high temperature, high incidence of diseases and pest among others could as well lead to a decrease in yield and inability of the farmer to supply the required quantity in the specified quality standard. This and many more could be considered in your research, Thanks

Regards

David

Thank you Mr David. I guess you might have enough knowledge about contract farming. I really appreciate.

You are most welcome dear Durga

I am not right person to answer the posted question. Anyway, my personal opinion; interest/motivation, dedication and honesty to the profession are the well known potentials of any profession as well as contract work also. For contract framing, farmers and buyers work and agreement also depend on aforementioned points.

Good question. I like David Boansi's answer.

Thank you.