Let me point to the other face of the same coin. How the poor think in online-learning if they are always thinking about how to buy the loaf of bread!

You have mentioned almost all obstacles, for implementation of online learning; main point: 4 billion world population in the world is still without internet, quality infrastructure, and trained personnel to conduct online teaching are pre requisites, that will take some time...; although pandemic has speed up the process of online learning but still long way to go for resource deficient countries.

https://insh.world/science/world-no-internet-happen/

https://www.somagnews.com/10-places-in-the-world-still-without-internet/

I would say accessibly is the main issue in online learning. Not all students have regular and stable access to learning materials.

Je partage vos avis, certes le grand problème est d'ordre technique, ( manque de moyens et d' accessibilité à internet, le débit,...je dirai même l’impossibilité de faire un cours en vidéoconférence ( regroupe tous les apprenants et leur enseignant à la même heure et les doter de possibilité d'interagir en direct...) toutefois, à mon avis, il faut faire face avec les moyens de bord dont nous disposons, exemple l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux, qui nécessite un smartphone, tel que le facebook , ça fonction avec les apprenants du collège, lycée et même université ( pas les plus jeunes) ou sur youtube où l'enseignant peut enregistrer son cours à l'avance et les apprenants le consulte quand c'est possible, et organiser une séance Zoom ou autre application pour répondre aux questions posées par les apprenants. ( je sais que pour les zones rurales ou défavorisées ce n'est pas toujours possible, c'est le cas des gens qui ne peuvent pas se permettre et le smartphone et la connexion internet .

I think that cultural and organizational barriers is the most important issue in this case , it add to the problem many chalenges that hinder students and teachers to engage in such learning, in many poorer country, material and supplements needed to improve this type of learning often used in leiisure activity, this is not due the lack of the material infrastructur but due cultural view of knowledge and learning

Many thanks for your responses which reflect deep understanding of this issue. All replies mentioned important statistics and notes especially those which related to engagement students and teachers to adopt on-line learning and re-design content to be matching with this type of learning.

Let me point to the other face of the same coin. How the poor think in online-learning if they are always thinking about how to buy the loaf of bread!

I appreciate your reply dear Nidhal, but If the researchers in education or any other fields always looking to the poverty and other problems in the world, they do not introduce any solution to any problem. We as researchers try to invistigate problems and puplish results which maybe applied and maybe not.

On the other hand many (non-rich) countries as you know have schools and universities with high quality graduates.

In my opinion, we must narrow down the research for better understanding of where the real obstacles trigger off as the primary hurdles and then put them on a prorty discussion panel to overcome each obstacle on their priority listing. Each institution school or educational system may reflect on the obstacles based on their branding, skills or financial benefits. Teachers or lecturers view obstacles as a hindrance to their abilities as not able to prove their individual excellence as teachers.Students see this in their own perspective as lack of one to one interactions with their teachers peers or classmates.Whereas the main investors the parents, for them this is a completely new concept,they are unable to cope up with very idea of online learning or teaching. They are from the old school generation where attending writing memorizing and being the brighest student by achieving highest scores and getting degrees was the golden door to high salaried jobs in turn gaining respect for all was the ultimate goal.

So we must go to the grassroot level and dwell on the basics then moving forward to the next level so each step has a strong foothold to overcome whatever obstacles are faced during these times.

Hello! I am working in the US public School System for 14 years as a Special Education Teacher. I found that there are many obstacles and challenges which hinder with the online learning. Despite of having well infrastructure, facilities and equipment to support learning the online programs have limitations due to lack of expertise in computer based instructions. Students rely on adults at home and learning how to operate a device / computer itself is a challenge.

Intervention: I conduct an interview every time I introduce a new tool or platform, Share my screen to have them visually tour so they have an idea what is expected. Computers are preset for easy to use. To provide the internet services in the remote areas my school district has come up with mobile WIFI School bus. The school bus travels to the school zones are located in remote areas, students come close by the WIFI equipped school bus and do their work from their.

My opinion varies significantly by academic level and populations. However, one truth that seems to remain consistent in all levels and populations is that ensuring social determinants of health are robustly met drives positive outcomes.

Going back to the work of Habermas among others, obstacles are related to people and groups of people in a discipline! Looking at the cultures and practices of different subject matter disciplines reveals different mental models held by people in the discipline. A big component of discipline mental models includes acceptable means of 1. providing the instruction, 2. evaluating student progress, and 3. determining the extent to which a student accepts the culture of the discipline. When I first worked with online learning and after observing and doing research into the area, it became obvious. Getting to know the accepted methods of a specific discipline and the extent to which professors in the discipline were expected to align their practices with the methods helped predict the extent to which online learning was going to be accepted by both the academic department and by its professoriate. It also helped me constructively engage in discussions with them, accepting that they highly value their methods, and that for the the online solution to be acceptable, these values had to be propagated. It became fun! And, it resulted in converts! See this paper for more information: The Amicable Guerrilla: Working in A Traditional University to Develop Distance Learning. In M.S. Parer (ed) Development, Design, and Distance Education. P101- 115.

In my opinion there are others factors in addition to your obstacles : lack of a good knowledge of the importance of electronic learning due to lack of interest from governments and non interaction of media .

In my opinion, I think many instructors they do not understand the logic behind on using online learning to facilitate teaching process. Maybe we need to change that negative perceptions.

Access to Wi-fi and the availability of laptops are huge issues even in the United States. The university that I teach in offers computer labs with free wi-fi all over campus. However, with covid, many students are staying home. Some have tried to do the on-line courses on their smart phones with mixed success. The university is loaning out a limited number of laptops to students who do not otherwise have access.

Many thanks Dear Gregg Etter and Diana Carl for your valuable contributions.

Thank you Dear Howaida and Ayubu for your responses.