The most effective combinations of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and modern climate-resilient agricultural practices blend traditional wisdom with scientific innovation to build sustainable and adaptive farming models. For example, age-old water harvesting methods like India’s Zabo system or Iran’s qanats can be combined with modern drip irrigation and soil moisture sensors to optimize water use. Similarly, traditional mixed cropping systems such as the Native American “Three Sisters” can be enhanced with AI-based crop models to improve yield and climate adaptability. Organic soil practices like composting or the use of biofertilizers align well with modern tools like biochar and precision soil health diagnostics, improving carbon capture and soil resilience. Indigenous pest management using neem or ash integrates effectively with modern biocontrol agents under Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Traditional weather knowledge based on lunar cycles can be paired with real-time climate forecasting to help farmers make better decisions. Together, these combinations preserve cultural heritage while embracing innovation, making agriculture more resilient to climate change.

In the tropical region, traditional agroforestry systems preserve forests due to the presence of trees in the spatial or temporal arrangement in the different models of land use with agriculture. Home gardens, agroforestry, improved brushwood, alley cropping systems and intercropping adequately protect the soil of low natural fertility and contribute to primary production, accumulating organic matter that can be managed to increase productivity. The maintenance of tree cover in man-managed agrosystems is a way to maintain the interaction of trees with climate factors, contributing to their regulation.

The most effective combinations of indigenous knowledge systems and modern climate resilient agricultural practices blend time tested wisdom with scientific innovation. For example, traditional crop diversification like intercropping millets and legumes can be enhanced with climate resilient crop varieties to improve food security and adaptability. Natural farming methods using compost and herbal pesticides integrate well with precision agriculture tools such as soil sensors and drones, promoting sustainable input use. Similarly, ancient water harvesting structures like johads and stepwells can be revived and complemented with modern drip irrigation systems to optimize water use. Livestock practices based on rotational grazing and organic manure can be supported with scientific fodder planning and animal health monitoring. These integrated approaches foster sustainable, climate smart farming systems that respect ecological balance and local culture.

Some of the most effective combinations of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and modern climate-resilient agricultural practices are:

1- Traditional water-conservation farming with modern irrigation technologies.

2- .Traditional crop diversity with genetically improved seeds:.

3- Traditional weather forecasting combined with modern climate models.

4- Traditional organic fertilization with modern biotechnology.

I thank the researcher for their recommendation. In my opinion, combining indigenous knowledge such as water conservation techniques and the cultivation of local drought-resistant crops, with modern innovations like smart irrigation systems and genetically improved heat-tolerant crops, represents one of the most effective combinations for achieving climate-resilient agriculture

The most effective combinations of indigenous knowledge systems and modern climate-resilient agricultural practices are those that blend time-tested local wisdom with scientifically validated innovations to enhance sustainability and adaptability. Indigenous practices such as traditional water harvesting (e.g., johads, zabo systems), mixed cropping, seed saving, and organic pest control are deeply rooted in local ecosystems and social structures, offering resilience against climate variability. When combined with modern approaches like drought-tolerant crop varieties, precision farming, weather forecasting tools, and integrated nutrient management, these practices create synergistic systems that are both adaptive and productive. For example, using indigenous seed varieties that are naturally resistant to local stresses alongside improved irrigation scheduling from digital tools can optimize water use and yield. This integration not only boosts agricultural resilience to climate change but also empowers communities by valuing their traditional knowledge while enhancing it with scientific support.