Periodic electrical stimulation is a good approach. Yesterday I've heard about lab-grown meat in a podcast. Gelatin is pressed in a centrifuge through nozzles such that long fibers are created. These threads are then seeded with muscle stem cells.

Regards,

Joachim

Actually in a bioreactor when you grow cells, mostly we are concerned about providing the required amount of air (oxygen) needed by the cells. Since the cells can be sensitive to the hydrodynamic shear, so the impeller agitation rate and aeration rate has to be considered. Mostly, the axial flow impellers such as marine propellers and pitched blades are used for cell cultures owing to their low power number and thus less shear generation. Rheology of the cell culture is very crucial for the successful mass transport inside the bioreactor, so the culture rheology should be monitored during the growth period as it cause hindrances for mixing and mass transfer. The type of the sparger used for air sparging mostly doesn't have much effect on the mass transfer and generally ring type spargers with small holes are used in stirred bioreactors.

Sohail Lone this is a basic feature for a TE bioreactor, I was wondering what should I do more for muscle tissues

Yes you are right, but they are most crucial for the successful operation of the reactor.

Here is the gelatin article.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41538-019-0054-8

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/10/lab-grown-meat-gains-muscle-as-it-moves-from-petri-dish-to-dinner-plate/

It is also possible now to 3D-print blood vessels

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-10/aiop-3pb102119.php

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/rpi-lsc110119.php

Regards,

Joachim