The indicators of concrete’s ability to resist chloride penetration.
"Capillary absorption, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion are the means by which chloride ions can penetrate concrete. The most familiar method is diffusion, the movement of chloride ions under a concentration gradient. For this to occur, the concrete must have a continuous liquid phase and there must be a chloride ion concentration gradient.
The rate of ingress of chlorides into concrete depends on the pore structure of the concrete (the main indicator), which is affected by factors including materials, construction practices, and age. The penetrability of concrete is obviously related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrix. This will be influenced by the water-cement ratio of the concrete, the inclusion of supplementary cementing materials which serve to subdivide the pore structure, and the degree of hydration of the concrete."
For more details, one can see here
K.D. Stanish, R.D. Hooton and M.D.A. Thomas “Prediction of Chloride Penetration in Concrete” Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review, FHWA Contract DTFH61-97-R-00022, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ,(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef3e/dce066c660f4c56b25c26937d31008994ae5.pdf )
"Capillary absorption, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion are the means by which chloride ions can penetrate concrete. The most familiar method is diffusion, the movement of chloride ions under a concentration gradient. For this to occur, the concrete must have a continuous liquid phase and there must be a chloride ion concentration gradient.
The rate of ingress of chlorides into concrete depends on the pore structure of the concrete (the main indicator), which is affected by factors including materials, construction practices, and age. The penetrability of concrete is obviously related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrix. This will be influenced by the water-cement ratio of the concrete, the inclusion of supplementary cementing materials which serve to subdivide the pore structure, and the degree of hydration of the concrete."
For more details, one can see here
K.D. Stanish, R.D. Hooton and M.D.A. Thomas “Prediction of Chloride Penetration in Concrete” Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review, FHWA Contract DTFH61-97-R-00022, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ,(https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef3e/dce066c660f4c56b25c26937d31008994ae5.pdf )
Also you can read the following articles:
1)https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/13024/13024.pdf
2)http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB2281.pdf
3)https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef3e/dce066c660f4c56b25c26937d31008994ae5.pdf
Very useful and interesting discussion, thanks to all.
The answer given by Dhiaa Neama Jabbar is correct and i completely
agree with him eventhough environmental factor is also important, i mean the spatial location of the concrete structure where it is found.
Yes, the rate of ingress of chlorides into concrete depends on the pore structure of the concrete (the main indicator), which is affected by factors including materials, construction practices, and age. The penetrability of concrete is obviously related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrix. This will be influenced by the water-cement ratio of the concrete, the inclusion of supplementary cementing materials which serve to subdivide the pore structure, and the degree of hydration of the concrete."
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