Better techniques (thermal rectifiers, enhanced radiative heat transfer from closely spaced layers, room temperature superconductors, etc.) for removing and/or reducing excess heat from chips in modern electronic digital computers, and perhaps from the components inside quantum computers.
Hello! I think scientist and engineers will continue to design so-called smart surfaces and new thermal materials, but will more and more focus on bionspired surfaces. Here it is the nice handbook as the reference - Book Bioinspired Engineering of Thermal Materials