Of the vital components of the soil we mention: mineral salts, organic matter, microorganisms, water and air.

The ratio of soluble salts in water varies from soil to soil. The salts of positive chloride minerals are salts of calcium, sodium, magnesium and others. Some of the most common mineral solutions are calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, iron oxides and aluminum.

The soil contains relatively large amounts of shrapnel which is of great importance to the growth of plants, since the presence of the soil gives the soil a high ability to retain water, and the balanced soil is composed of clay, lime and sand, the best soil suitable for agriculture.

Organic matter is an important component of soil, which comes mainly as a result of the partial disintegration of plant residues, the decomposition of animal remains, and the useful soil manure. Soil organic matter forms the mainstay of most biological processes carried out by organisms from bacteria and fungi in the soil. It also binds and collects granular soil components, resulting in soil poverty Organic matter into desert and semi-desert soils.

Soil Organisms include bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms that disassemble cellulose and similar substances to form humus. There are single-celled animal animals, worms, insects and others living in the soil, which are useful in soil decomposition, which facilitates the entry of air and the distribution of water.