For cultivating Penicillium verruculosum in liquid fermentation, the essential components for the medium include:

1. Carbon Sources:

• Glucose and Sucrose are commonly used as carbon sources.
• Lactose and Maltose can also be used.
• Glycerol is sometimes included as an alternative carbon source.

2. Nitrogen Sources:

• Ammonium salts (e.g., ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) are common nitrogen sources.
• Peptones and Yeast extract are also used as organic nitrogen sources.
• Urea is another nitrogen option.

3. Mineral Salts:

• K2HPO4 (Potassium phosphate), NaCl (Sodium chloride), MgSO4 (Magnesium sulfate), and CaCl2 (Calcium chloride) are essential.
• FeSO4 (Iron sulfate) and trace elements like manganese, zinc, and copper are added for enzyme activity and growth.

4. Vitamins and Growth Factors:

• Biotin, Thiamine (Vitamin B1), and Pantothenic acid may be added for enhanced growth.

Optimization:

• A C:N ratio of 10:1 to 15:1 is ideal.
• The pH should be maintained between 5 and 6.

This medium composition supports optimal growth and biomass production of Penicillium verruculosum.