What are the effects of nanofertilizers on plant growth and development and their interrelationship with the environment?
Optimum level of nano-fertilizer application could increase the nutrients use efficiency by reduced the toxic effects of NPs on plants to overcome the oxidative damage and regulation the antioxidative defense mechanism. The use of nano-particles as a fertilizer in various cereal crop provide higher yield and productivity. Nano fertilizer improves the biological yield of pulses and Brassicaceae crops. Nano-fertilizers in excess amounts cause harmful effects in plants and enter the food chain. Nanofertilizers can be encapsulated to increase nutrient absorption, which reduces nutrient loss, encourages healthy plant development, and improves crop quality. A very high concentration of nanoparticles may severely affect the photosynthesis which may result in plant growth suppression or plant death.
Nano fertilzers may enhance germination and seedling growth, physiological activities including photosynthetic activity and N metabolism, mRNA expression and protein level, and positive changes in gene expression, indicating their potential use for increasing crop yields but still not performing better in adverse conditions where plant have Nitrogen deficiency....it is a very slow act into recovery of severe deficiency.
Nano-fertilizer is efficient for specific use of nutrients at appropriate time of plant growth and can provide nutrients as a whole with the crop. Growing crops with heavier fertilizer concentrations further increases may be limiting to crop growth due to nutrient toxicity. Nanofertilizers reduce nitrogen loss as leaching, emissions and long-term incorporation by soil microorganisms by slow and controlled release of fertilizers hence, soil become more porous by decreasing toxic effects related with fertilizers over use. Nanofertilizers offer benefits in nutrition management through their strong potential to increase nutrient use efficiency. Nutrients either applied alone or in combination, are bound to nano-dimensional adsorbents, which release nutrients very slowly as compared to conventional fertilizers. A very high concentration of nanoparticles may severely affect the photosynthesis which may result in plant growth suppression or plant death. Several reports have observed significant decrease in plant growth as the result of nanoparticle exposure. Nanofertilizers can enhance nutrient availability to plants, minimize losses of nutrients via leaching, and would have minimal impact on the environment. In totality, the goal is to minimize energy use, reduce environmental losses of nutrients, and do this without losing crop productivity. Application of nanofertilizers leads to increase in the production of photosynthates, dry matter and yield in crop plants. Indirectly these fertilizers help in achieving agricultural sustainability by reducing the input of harmful chemical fertilizers.
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