From years Italy is coping with a sneaking devolution of public health services: diminishing funding of them by national and regional governments, frequently no turnover of the personnel and subsequent increasing average  age of the remaining ones, emphasis and boosts towards private  insurances for safety and health. 

Following years of depression of the national economy too, increasing amounts of the Italian population quit caring and curing themselves, being no more in condition to gain access to essential diagnostics and therapeutics.

Note that insurance companies ask high premiums  to high-risk individuals (e.g. because they smoke tobacco and / or were exposed to carcinogens during their work) and the lower-levels groups of the society couldn't be able to pay for a private covering.

I think that a sort a Beveridge  Plan fitted for our century  is necessary all over the world, substained by international organisations.   

Dear Truphena,

talking about Italy, in my humble opinion, one of the major problem is linked with regional regulations that are different from one to another. In particular in Italy regional governments my act in health law almost freely and the regulations are quite always different and sometimes contrasting. Here same example in the field of indoor environment:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235885763_Analysis_of_differences_among_hygienic_requirements_of_habitable_garrets_in_Italian_regions

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259876905_Semi-basements_used_as_dwellings_hygienic_considerations_and_analysis_of_the_regulations

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292902004_Hygienic_and_sanitary_requirements_of_gyms_in_force_in_Italy_national_issues_and_analysis_of_regional_regulations

Unfortunately the first work is in Italian.

Article [Analysis of differences among hygienic requirements of habi...

Article Semi-basements used as dwellings: hygienic considerations an...

Article Hygienic and sanitary requirements of gyms in force in Italy...

Thanks to Lorenzo Capasso for his contribution to the comprehension of the effects of devolution relating to heterogeneity of regional approaches, when an authoritative central leadership is weak or missing.

The result of such a condition in Italy is the enlargment of the gap between rich and poor areas of the country and between regions where the public welfare is assumed as a mainstay and the ones where private clinics and insurances give a major quote of the assistance.

Italian scenarios are multicoloured relating to prevention too: different rules (e.g. about hygienic standards, as Lorenzo underlined), differences in vaccination rates and subsequent coverings against several infective diseases, difference in public governance of occupational risks and so on.

I think that information from European States with longer unitary history and stronger unitary tradition, e.g. France, and from Federal States, like Germany, could be very useful to you. 

Dear Roberto,

unfortunately the situation is like you described: gaps enlarged in time in different fields, also in terms of health. You said that probably the central leadership is responsible for that inhomogeneous condition, and that is possibly true, but I think that also the kind of    federalism has a part of the fault. the structure of sanitary prevention in Italy was based on a strong  presence on the territory thanks to Medical Officers in all the municipalities and at provincial level with Public Health authorities and labs supporting their work and only in the end the central level with General Direction of Health and after the Superior Institute of Health (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277664296_Historical_evolution_of_sanitary_prevention_in_Italy_after_national_unification).

In my opinion this structure work in a much more decentralized way than actual regional structure. That may be true also in other fields of health (healthcare), or even in different fields (administration), that is way we argued the abolition of provinces (in an upcoming work), that furthermore were less expensive than regions.

Article [Historical evolution of sanitary prevention in Italy after ...

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