Dr Rana Hamza Shakil thank you for your contribution to the discussion

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Sensors and Their Application in Precision Agriculture

Mladen Jurišić*, Ivan Plaščak, Željko Barač, Dorijan Radočaj, Domagoj Zimmer

• November 2021
• Tehnički glasnik 15(4):529-533
• DOI: 10.31803/tg-20201015132216

"CONCLUSIONS In addition to the navigation system, precision agriculture requires the support of other systems to be completely functional. The most important systems are the system for the application of artificial fertilizers and plant protection. They are equipped with various sensors that read and send data to a processing unit that makes decisions based on the collected data. Technology development has resulted in a wide availability of precision farming. Besidesthe navigation of aggregates, every bigger farm uses a system of precision agriculture including the growing use of sensors. Nowadays, every new machine comes with a range of various integrated sensors. They convert analogue signals to the digital ones, read and processed through a computer. The data collected by sensors determine further steps of agrotechnical activities with the aim of production improvement. One of the most well- known sensors is OptRx with aim to calculate the vegetative indices NDVI and NDRE at the wavelengths of 670, 730, and 760 nm. These sensors can perform in difficult field conditions, unlike other sensor types, which failed to produce accurate data in the same conditions. The advantage of the plant sensor PRO Active is the driver’s ability to change the settings even in movement, and to adjust the steps of calculations in one work phase. Using application of variabale rate technology (VRT) farmers have immediate insight into the condition of the crops and simultaneous application of the product. Farmers must deploy modern agricultural systems to ensure the survival of their production. The large EU market provides ways of easy placement and export of agricultural products of differing quality. The quality as well as the product price can be improved through the application of modern systems and a wise use of resources, which is the goal of the sustainable agricultural production. Future use in precise agriculture is having autonomus robots with sensors for each agrotechnical operation so farmers will be only for monitoring and sending a robot scout as needed."

Hi, please check this recent research in this field:

Article Abaxial leaf surface-mounted multimodal wearable sensor for ...

Dr Sina Jamalzadegan thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Sensors can be portable, fixed in the field, or even attached to agricultural machinery like tractors, combines, and sprayers to aid in obstacle avoidance, measure the quantity of crops harvested, or determine the volume of agrochemicals used. Connect a range of IoT-based agricultural sensors such as temperature, moisture, depth, humidity sensors for agriculture, and more for environmental monitoring applications. Sensors used in smart farming are known as agriculture sensors. These sensors provide data which assist farmers to monitor and optimize crops by adapting to changes in the environmental conditions. These sensors are installed on weather stations, drones and robots used in the agriculture industry. Agriculture sensors such as air temperature and humidity, soil moisture, soil pH, light intensity, and carbon dioxide are often used to collect data in all aspects of crop growth such as nursery, growth, and harvest. Agricultural conductivity and agricultural pH sensors are used to monitor water and fertilizer. The temperature-based sensors are helpful when growing crops that need wet or dry conditions. They measure the presence of heat energy in the soil, which can determine where it's most suitable for plants to grow. This is crucial if you want to ensure the quality of your product. The other forms of sensors that one often comes across in precision farming and smart agriculture are GPS based sensors, GIS-based sensors, electrochemical sensors, mechanical sensors, soil moisture sensors, airflow sensors, yield monitoring sensors, VRT sensors, and more. Agriculture sensors such as air temperature and humidity, soil moisture, soil pH, light intensity, and carbon dioxide are often used to collect data in all aspects of crop growth such as nursery, growth, and harvest. The electrochemical sensors aid in the collection, processing, and mapping of the chemical data of the soil. They are usually mounted on specially designed sleds. They supply accurate details required for agriculture. Smart agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, allows farmers to maximize yields using minimal resources such as water, fertilizer, and seeds. By deploying sensors and mapping fields, farmers can begin to understand their crops at a micro scale, conserve resources, and reduce impacts on the environment. Digital agriculture uses sensors to measure variables associated with crop growth and production. Thus, these devices can be present in machines that apply inputs, in systems used to monitor plant growth, and in harvesters.IoT sensors can help farmers monitor their crops in real-time so that they know exactly how much water and nutrients each plant needs at any given time - not too little and not too much. Optical crop sensor can be used to evaluate crop conditions during the growing season by directing light waves at crop leaves, and measuring the type and amount of light reflected back to the sensor. Modern agriculture sprayers use pressure sensors to monitor pressure of the spray bar, allowing precision application of fertilizers and other chemicals. Remote sensing can be used to monitor the health and growth of crops by analyzing spectral data obtained from satellites, airborne sensors, or ground-based instruments. This information can help farmers identify areas of their fields that may need additional attention or water, fertilizer, or pest management. The power wire is brown and should be connected to the 5V-30V power supply. The ground wire is black and should be connected to a common ground. The yellow wire of the NPK sensor should be connected to the RS485 module's A pin, and the blue wire should be connected to the RS485 module's B pin.