Ecosystems are ecological systems formed by interaction of coacting organisms and their environment. A group of interacting organisms along with their environment that operates as a system.

System of Systems (SoS) is viewing of multiple, dispersed, independent systems in context as part of a larger, more complex system. A system is a group of interacting, interrelated and interdependent components that form a a complex and unified whole.

Dear Lina,

System-of-systems

 If we try to explain simply the notion of system-of-systems, it must start from the definition of a system. In summary a system is a set of elements that interact with each other according to defined rules. A system of systems therefore is a system where the elements and sub-assemblies are themselves systems. More complex way, a system of systems is a set of interconnected and coordinated autonomous systems to satisfy specific capacity and functions that the systems could not achieve independently.

A system of systems results from the collaborative operating systems components that can operate independently to fulfill their own operational mission.

Wanted by this collaboration the emergence of new behaviors used to improve the capabilities of each system component or provide new, while maintaining the operational independence and managerial constituent systems.

 Ecosystem

 Historically the ecosystem concept was born from the concept of biocenosis: people living together (populations are interrelated), then from the concept of ecological succession (populations are related to the environment). Ecos: means house.

An ecosystem is a dynamic set of living organisms (plants, animals and microorganisms) that interact with each other and with the environment (soil, climate, water, light) in which they live. Ecosystems dimensions can vary considerably; they can be very small, like a pond or a dead tree, or be gigantic, like Earth. An ecosystem can also be defined depending mainly on vegetation, animal species or relief, for example.

The major ecosystems are generally described as: aquatic ecosystems - saltwater or freshwater; terrestrial ecosystems - forests, grasslands, deserts, etc. Forest ecosystems are characterized by a predominance of trees, as well as the fauna, flora and ecological cycles (energy, water, carbon and nutrients) that are closely associated with them.

In ecology, an ecosystem is the set formed by an association or community of living beings (or biocenosis) and its biological environment, geological, edaphic, hydrological, climate, etc. (biotope). The components of an ecosystem develop a network for the exchange of energy and matter for the maintenance and development of life. The term was coined by Arthur Tansley in 1935 to describe the basic unit of nature.

With my best regards

Prof. Bachir ACHOUR

Ecosystem-

An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and with their environment.

System of systems (SoS)-

System of systems (SoS) is the viewing of multiple, dispersed, independent systems in context as part of a larger, more complex system. A system is a group of interacting, interrelated and interdependent components that form a complex and unified whole.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282306005_Emergence_institutionalization_and_renewal_Rhythms_of_adaptive_governance_in_complex_social-ecological_systems

Article Emergence, institutionalization and renewal: Rhythms of adap...