During the secondary and multiple pests' outbreaks does the population of primary pest species also increases; or it either remains stable or decline. Kindly suggest the suitable references.
I think, during secondary and multiple pests' outbreak, probably the population of primary pest species declines by the application of the insecticides; while the population(s) of secondary/ multiple pest species possibly increase tremendously. However, the multiple pests possibly exhibit food resource partitioning in order to sustain their populations.
Hi Bhupendra:
Secondary and multiple pests outbreaks are usually associated with generalized aplications of chemical insecticides. The problems associated with reliance on chemical control include the development of pesticide resistance in important pest species. This encourages an increase in dosage and number of pesticide applications which magnifies the adverse effects on natural enemies. Pests may also resurge because of the destruction of predators and parasitoids, breeding without restraint from natural enemies. The second species, released from the pressure imposed by its enemies now may increase to damaging numbers and require further insecticidal treatment. If pesticides eliminate natural enemies, populations of pests may increase dramatically. The impact of pesticides may extend over long periods of time and large areas or may last until the delicate numerical balance is reestablished. If pesticides are used often, the normal balance may never be achieved.
For references see Charlet, L. 1995. Midwest Biological Control http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/fea202.html.
Radcliffe, E., , Hutchinson, D, Cancelado, E. 2010. Integrated Pest Management. Concepts, tactics, strategies and case studies.Cambridge University Press.
Regards,
Luis Miguel
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