The complex issue of disaster risk management seems to be more complecated even in underdevelopping countries, like Iran, Turkey and Pakistan. The buget to be allocated is limited and the human resources is not normally enough or not equaly avaliable for all needed domains and areas.
This is a major regional-international issue to be discussed and studies for such countries, specially for the most important disaster issue suchas Earthquakes, Floods, Drought, Land Subsidence, Climate Change and Global Warming.
I have some preliminary ideas to be discussed for this simple question. The major items to be focused in order to prevent more casualties in major earthquakes, floods and drought, over the last two decades in Iran are:
• Disaster risk management at national and local government levels. • Integrated disaster management, technical systems, implementation, processes, and products. • Improvement of resilient communities (national, regional, and local). • Disaster management in hospitals and health systems.
Some theoretical background from this field in order to apply to the specific locations:
1. Cost-benefit analyses https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.08.004
2. Basic vocabulary https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0188-3
3. Avoid the term "natural disasters":
(a) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100008
(b) https://global.oup.com/academic/product/disaster-by-choice-9780198841340
(c) https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/disaster-choice/202005/does-nature-play-disaster-games
4. Links with climate change:
(a) https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-02-2017-0043
(b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0046-5
(c) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5
(d) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2294-0
(e) https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Disaster-Risk-Reduction-Including-Climate-Change/Kelman-Mercer-Gaillard/p/book/9781138924567
(f) http://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.729
Institutional capabilities and economic aspects of disaster resilience need aggressive measures. Also, large cross-regional inequity is an issue, which needs immediate attention.
See Article Disaster resilience in Pakistan: A comprehensive multi-dimen...
All these Countries are in their development phase. The resources available are limited to few. Earthquakes are the major cause of concern.The policies and framework structure dealing with disaster management are also not very structured. The vulnerability is further aggravated due to political and economical conditions. The approach is reactive instead of proactive. Lot of work is going on to overcome the various hurdles with the help of International agencies under the ambience of International policies.
In my perspective, one of the biggest challenges in Iran is Land subsidence phenomenon. For finding more detail you can follow this article that shows average rate of land subsidence in various parts of Iran
Article: "Land Subsidence: A global challenge"
As a country that has been suffering from various sanctions for decades, the disaster management section in Iran is facing a lack of equipment needed. In addition, the change in traditional approaches and the use of modern integrated disaster management systems can be considered as another challenge in this regard!
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