https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus

Both types of diabetes insipidus are linked to a hormone called vasopressin but occur in different ways.

Vasopressin promotes water retention in the kidneys. This also keeps blood pressure at a healthy level.

The main symptom, excessive urine output, can have other causes. These would usually be ruled out before making a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus.

For example, undiagnosed or poorly managed diabetes mellitus can cause frequent urination.

1. Central diabetes insipidus

Central diabetes insipidus is caused by reduced or absent levels of vasopressin.

The condition can be present from birth, or primary. Secondary central diabetes insipidus is acquired later in life.

The cause of primary central diabetes insipidus is often unknown. Some causes result from an abnormality in the gene responsible for vasopressin secretion.

The secondary type is acquired through diseases and injuries that affect how vasopressin is produced.

These can include brain lesions resulting from head injuries, cancers, or brain surgery. Other body-wide conditions and infections can also trigger central diabetes insipidus.

2. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can also be inherited or acquired. This type affects the response of the kidneys to vasopressin.

Depending on a person's genes, the condition results in the kidneys either completely or partially not responding to vasopressin. This affects water balance to varying degrees.

The acquired form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus also reduces the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine when water needs to be conserved.

Secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can have numerous causes, including:

kidney cysts that have developed due to a number of conditions, such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), nephronophthisis, medullary cystic disease complex, and medullary sponge kidney

the release of an outlet tube obstruction from a kidney

kidney infection

high blood calcium levels

some cancers

certain medications, especially lithium, but also demeclocycline, amphotericin B, dexamethasone, dopamine, ifosfamide, ofloxacin, and orlistat

rarer conditions, including amyloidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome

chronic hypokalemic nephropathy, a kidney disease caused by low blood potassium levels

a cardiopulmonary bypass, which can affect vasopressin levels and may require treatment with desmopressin

3. Gestational diabetes insipidus

In rare cases, pregnancy can cause a disturbance of vasopressin, especially during the third trimester. This occurs due to the placenta releasing an enzyme that degrades vasopressin.

Pregnancy also causes a lower thirst threshold in women, stimulating them to drink more fluids, while other normal physiological changes during pregnancy can also affect the kidneys' response to vasopressin.

Gestational diabetes insipidus is treatable during gestation and resolves 2 or 3 weeks following childbirth. The condition affects only a few women out of every 100,000 women who are pregnant.

Thanks very much Dr Sarkar, for your comprehensive answer

Thank you Dr Faris. You answer is highly useful

You are welcome dr. Gabriel