In my opinion, conservation education and minimal human-wildlife conflict works the best. First of all local people residing near national park should understand the importance of wildlife species. Given human-wildlife conflicts, many people, however, do not value wildlife species. If positivism, for wildlife, develops among local people, poachers, who use local people for killing wildlife, cannot motivate them for illegal activities. However, compensation mechanism, which, unfortunately, is not good in many national parks, need to be very strong in an event of wildlife attack on human facilities. This is the only way local people would support park activities and help conserve the wildlife.

I think that minimizing the monetary benefit of poaching in local communities by presenting a viable alternative might work to curb at least some forms of poaching. For instance, involving local communities in the eco-tourism of endangered species could serve as motivation for locals to not poach the animals that draw in tourist dollars.

There is no single method suffecient to deal this complicate issue. So, I think local involvement, governmental security and researchers should join hand each other continuously with equal value. Sharing benefit of the local biodiversity is the must to earn public support. Researcher will have better information than every other bodies. if these three stakeholders are smoothly going, the success achieved.

I join Okmar Joshi ´s opinion. I like the three... of course.

Hello, I am of the opinion that the management of poaching, together with the management of wildlife diseases ,would be very helpful for wildlife conservation.

Another way to stop it would be if we created special reservoirs for endangered species. To add more, everything would be okay if administration & local Government collaborate together.

HI ,SO as far as my concern that this issue is same as corruption related to moral ground.Administration should be very hard and fast.All reserves should be well equipped by all means CCT camera etc.And last but not least dear all authority must be very honest regarding their role and duty.Nature provides every things for men need but not greed.

Despite of wildlife trade bans it’s difficult to halt international illegal trade. Although there are some remarkable successes (e.g., http://www.birds.cornell.edu/roundrobin/2012/08/23/wildlife-trafficking-bust-highlights-problems-in-caged-bird-trade/), illegal trade will remain while wild species or their products will be demanded. Moreover, most traded species are trapped out of protected areas, in countries where existing laws against wildlife trade are unknown by people and not applied by authorities. On the other hand, much attention is paid to international trade while the impact of internal wildlife trade or even trapping for the own use of animals as pets is much higher for many species. In these cases economic reward is not behind poaching but cultural traditions, and therefore education of local communities to change their traditional use of some species, which now is unsustainable, is needed.

" The success of the" Marine turtles of Brazil (TAMAR) "program is based on local participation of the fishing villages, including the employment of former egg poachers to patrol the beaches and protect the nests, education programs, and ecotourism. The majority of stations are staffed year round and not only promote the conservation of endangered sea turtles, but also organize community festivals, support local schools and health care facilities, and assist in developing alternative sources of income for residents who once relied on the exploitation of sea turtles. "

By Marcovandi & Marcovandi, 1990, available at

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320799000439

For the past 27 years, we have encouraged communities to form community-based organizations and then forest protection forces that have been very effective. Currently. 15 community forest protection forces have formed a network to protect the Manas Biosphere Reserve (285,000 hectares). As a result, the golden langur population increased from 1500 to over 5600 langurs. Elephant and tiger populations are holding steady and probably increasing. Due to the community protection, UNESCO lifted its "Manas in danger " listing. We are similarly working in Peru, Ghana, Nepal and elsewhere with communities. Community conservation, when done correctly is a solution to environmental degradation and lost of biodiversity. Local villagers can be powerful conservation allies. To see such examples and download publications look at our website www.communityconservation.org The website also contains 8 presentations to help others to catalyze successful community projects.

I agree with Pushpa Acharya that no single method is sufficient to deal with this complicated issue. However, In my opinion, the best strategy could be the involvement of local communities in conservation. We have learnt through trophy hunting practices that incentives and benefits to local communities have produced excellent results in conservation of threatened species. If conservation is related to socio-economics then local communities become guardians of the wildlife and protect it from illegal hunting and poaching.

Implementing community based natural resource management is one way of curtailing this menace, but there is need to use different approaches i.e legal, security, social, economic etc etc.. BUT...@Deepa Menon and Jose Tella..i think banning international trade through programme like CITIES has failed especially with Rhinos here in Southern Africa...It has put the business in the hands powerful poachers and wildlife dealers..WHY not allow trade so that prices go down and remove this big incentive for poachers..FOOD FOR THOUGHT

By the way, why is the international whaling convention with “scientific permission catch” in place today? “Conservation of whale stocks and … orderly development of the whaling industry” are not possible.

I agree with Robert, Omkar and Pushpar - whilst there is no single global answer, local community incentive through sustainable employment and compensation, combined with strict enforcement of penalties for those who trade illegally (both source and receiver) are the most effective ways to reduce the impact of poaching in most situations. However in some instances legalised and strictly regulated trade can reduce the value of the plant, animal or product and subsequently the poaching risk, so this option should never be excluded without careful consideration (e.g. see Moses comments on Rhinos in Africa). This is a complex issue and cannot be solved with any global 'fix-all', although a standard list of potential management actions could be put to use globally. Each case (species/location) must be assessed individually to determine the most effective management actions.