Hello Sisay, your question is very specific for effect-biomarkers. Please note that we also have exposure and susceptibility biomarkers for toxic metals in the environment. Effect-biomakers are very often altered gene expression patterns; altered RNA transcripts which result in altered proteins as result of exposure to the toxicants already mentioned. Please see the attached for detail. Article Altered Gene Expression Patterns in MCF-7 Cells Induced by t...

Also look at articles in enzymatic activities.........

Also look at articles in enzymatic activities.........

Dear Andem Bassey Andem Maurice Ekpenyong

Thank you for your answers and sharing me these important files.

http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/12/26183/pdf

I agree with Mauric Ekpenyong

I think one of the prominent biomarker will be the metallothionein (MT) marker as it is a metal binding protein. An increase in it transcript and protein levels have been used as a marker of metal exposure effects in organisms.

Dear Sisay Derso Mengesha,

Let me answer your query from a different angle. Probably you want to also look for adverse effect of the exposure of the above mentioned substances in human population. If you want to do genotoxicity assessment studies in humans then you can perform "Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Assay" (Ref. https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2009.53).

This is a minimally invasive method for studying DNA damage, cell death, regenerative potential and chromosomal instability. This method has gained immense popularity and is routinely used globally.

Regards,

Samrat

Dear T. H. Al-Noor Oju Ibor Eman Kareem Samrat Das

Thank you so much for your valuable suggestions