See https://www.ecoseeds.com.mrsa.html --In California we have 5,000 species of native plants, and until I started testing a few and found new active plant-based antibiotics that could kill drug resistant bacteria like MRSA, nobody else had ever looked at any of these plants before. Photo of where the unrefined plant juices are killing the MRSA on the petri dish.

You can ask Chat GPT hehe :)

Answer to: Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman

The discussion in the scientific and research community, which aims, among other things, to exchange views, experiences from ongoing research, etc., is not about asking for the 'opinion' of artificial intelligence. And what is meant by this: hehe:) ? Does it imply a dismissive attitude towards the many other participants in the discussions held on various scientific topics on the Research Gate portal?

Dariusz Prokopowicz Wrote "in the context of the over 3 billion year development of life on planet Earth?" There is no certainty as to the likelihood of these figures, on the origin of life on earth. The paper by Malaterre et al. (2022) [1] devoted to this nagging question specifies "Depending on whether one considers putative traces of living systems to be present 3.8 Ga ago (Schopf, 2006) or whether one takes a more conservative marker at 3.4 Ga, the window for life's appearance may vary from maybe a few million years to nearly a billion".

[1] Malaterre, C., Jeancolas, C., & Nghe, P. (2022). The Origin of Life: What Is the Question?. Astrobiology, 22(7), 851-862.

Available on:

Article The Origin of Life: What Is the Question?

Answer to: Jamel Chahed

Clearly there has been some misunderstanding of the subject on your part. Well, dear colleague, you are confusing the issue of the window for the emergence of life, that is, the period of the emergence of life (which can be in the range of a few million years to almost a billion - as you yourself quote from the single source publication given) with the period of the existence of life on planet Earth from its most simple forms which is dated at about 3 to a few billion years.

Kind regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dariusz Prokopowicz wrote "Clearly there has been some misunderstanding of the subject on your part. Well, dear colleague, you are confusing" Dear Colleague, you unfortunately, didn't get the gist of the idea, but it doesn't matter. You may however read within the same paper [1] I mentioned "Although scientific literature often refers to the ''question of the origin of life,'' this question can be understood in many ways. In some contexts, the question can be rephrased as ''Where does life we see on Earth come from?'' or ''How actually did life appear on Earth?'' or still ''How is it the case that there presently is life on Earth?'' But the question can also be quite differently constructed. Some may argue that the proper question that lurks behind the ''origin-of-life-question'' is not a how-actually question but a how-possibly question such as ''How possibly did life appear on Earth?'' or ''How plausibly did life appear on Earth?'' Still, for others, the scope of possibility may concern not just Earth and its history but is more general and ahistorical, leading to questions such as ''How possibly might life-in-general appear from nonlife anywhere in the Universe?'' Still, this can be understood in different ways, notably depending on whether human (or otherwise agential) interventions are permissible or whether the phenomenon to be explained—the explanandum—should be construed as a naturally occurring phenomenon. In the latter case, this can lead to questions such as ‘‘How possibly might life in general spontaneously appear from nonlife anywhere in the Universe?’’ while the former view would lead to questions like ‘‘How possibly might life, in general, be made to appear from nonlife anywhere in the Universe?’’..."

Now after reading all these interrogations about OoL, could you please explain exactly what you precisely mean by the period of "the existence of life on planet Earth" and of "development of life on planet Earth"? Could you please specify if there is a difference between the two concepts? and how you interpret them vis-à-vis the "period of the emergence of life"

With all due respect, Dear Colleague, I invite you, this time, to carefully read. Otherwise, you will repeat the same type of hasty reactions.

[1] Malaterre, C., Jeancolas, C., & Nghe, P. (2022). The Origin of Life: What Is the Question?. Astrobiology, 22(7), 851-862.

Available on:

Article The Origin of Life: What Is the Question?

On adaptation theory: "Do most adaptations involve new mutations or STANDING GENETIC VARIATION? Do most adaptations involve single genes of large phenotypic effect ('major' genes)? If so, can we say anything about the expected effect of this major embarrassed? Can we describe the distribution of phenotypic effects among the mutations that are substituted during a typical bout of adaptation? How does FITNESS change as a population approaches an optimum? For example, do populations evolve quickly at first and then more slowly? Because random mutations are more likely to be deleterious in complex organisms than in simple organisms, do complex organisms adapt more slowly than simple ones?" The famous paper (Around 1300 citations) by Orr, H. A. (2005) [1] tried to provide answers to all these interrogations evoking the history of adaptation theory over the past century, focusing on the various views of the theory of adaptation, and discussing the challenges that face contemporary research on the topic.

[1] Orr, H. A. (2005). The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6(2), 119-127.

Available on: https://www.icts.res.in/sites/default/files/Orr2005_2.pdf

Key determinants of saving the climate, biosphere and biodiversity from total degradation

Thanks to the development of dirty combustion energy, deforestation, the still globally increasing scale of environmental pollution and rising greenhouse gas emissions, degradation of the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity is taking place. But on the other hand, in recent years, large-scale green investment projects have been launched in some countries, which are being carried out as part of the green transformation of the economy of building a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-loop economy. The essence of the ongoing implementation of the aforementioned processes in some regions of the world is to carry out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth economy and a closed loop economy. Besides, in recent years, many new green technologies and eco-innovations are being developed in the framework of zero-emission clean energy, biodegradable materials, electromobility, cleaning up the polluted environment, increasing the scale of recycling, using natural resources sparingly, protecting clean water resources, restoring green areas in cities, reforesting wasteland and civilization-degraded areas, etc. Therefore, the chance of saving at least in part the remaining biosphere of the planet, saving the biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the planet, i.e. the greatest value of planet Earth that the many millions of years of evolution of life on our planet has created. The issue of conservation, protecting the planet's biosphere and saving the remaining biodiversity and its restoration through the use of new green technologies and eco-innovations man can at least partially repair what he destroyed in the past. Man should protect the biosphere and climate, should restore the biodiversity of natural ecosystems with a view to the future of future generations of people, the future of the planet, the achievements of the evolution of life on planet Earth, and so on. If man in his nature is friendly towards the biosphere and not selfish towards the planet, the only planet he has, then he probably wants to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity from total degradation. Besides, thanks to the developing cooperation between scientists and researchers studying this issue, working in different parts of the world, the chances of realizing the plan to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity from total degradation are becoming greater.

And what is your opinion on this topic?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz