Biosensors are sensors modified with biological materials capable of transforming biological processes into measurable electrical current signals. The biological materials used may be tissues, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.

Hello Ahmed Abd Burghal

I agree with Wilson S. Fernandes-Junior although you could also find different sensing/transduction methods like optical, piezoelectrical, thermal etc.

Best regards,

Marie B.

Dear Dr. Ahmed Burghal,

according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as it is written in the following very interesting paper, where you can have more info about your question:

Electrochemical biosensors: Recommended definitions and classification

Daniel R. Thévenot, Klara Toth, Richard A. Durst, George S. Wilson

Biosensors and Bioelectronics 71(12): 2333-2348 (1999)

Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956566301001154

the material responsible for providing a measurable output signal by means of a biological reaction on its surface is defined as a “transducer” and it iplays a pivot role as component of a biosensor.

Best regards, Pierluigi Traverso

Dear Ahmed Abd Burghal

You may find the following article interesting; it provides an overview of electrochemical (one of the most prevalent forms of biosensor) as well as nanobiosensors:

Article Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors

المستشعر الحيوي هو جهاز تحليلي للكشف عن المادة المتحللة التي تجمع بين العنصر البيولوجي وكاشف العنصر الفيزيائي. وهو يتألف من 3 أجزاء: العنصر البيولوجي الحساس حيث يمكن إنشاء عناصر حساسة عن طريق الهندسة الحيوية

Biosensor is defined as a device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect chemical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signals.

Chapter Polymeric gels for biosensing applications

Ahmed Abd Burghal

A biosensor is a biological detection system consists of a biological component combined with a transducer to perform measurement of a biochemical quantity. . A typical biosensor includes a bioelement such as an enzyme, antibody, or a cell receptor, and a sensing element or a transducer.

Biosensors and their applications – A review - NCBI

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc

Please have a look at the following link:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor

The term “biosensor” (Biological sensor) is a device made up of a transducer and a biological element that may be an enzyme, an antibody, or a nucleic acid. The biological element interacts with the analyte being tested and the biological response is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. A commonly cited definition of a biosensor is:

“A chemical sensing device in which a biologically derived recognition is coupled to a transducer, to allow the quantitative development of some complex biochemical parameter.”

Ref:

https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Biosensors.aspx