I would like to know how traps are forming in the organic as well as inorganic materials.
Dear A.K.Kavala,
your question is somewhat unclear, what kind of traps would you like to know more about ?
I can give you an example of traps in semiconductor material like single crystal Silicon, used in semiconductor industry. Here, when one talks about the traps, one means usually some defect states, with their electron energies deep in the electron energy gap of Silicon, that can capture electron or hole (or where an electron and hole can recombine).Their origin can be different, but many are formed as impurity atom - vacancy complexes. Examples of traps in Si are for example Phosphorus-Vacancy complex, a Vacancy defect in various charged states (no electrons trapped, one,two or three electrons trapped). But some elements (impurities) form deep traps alone. A good example is Selenium, but there are many more.
I believe that the situation is somewhat more complicated in organic materials, where the crystal lattice need not exist and where more chemical approach to the electron energy band structure might be appropriate.
So, a simple answer to your question would be that traps are formed when the "regular structure" of your system (crystal, complicated, large molecule like polymer chain and or glass/amorphous substance) is either "polluted" by some foreign atoms and/or they are made too fast so that other defects (vacancies, intersticials, dangling bonds, etc.) are formed and are frozen in (cannot anneal out).
I hope that this might help in your search. I have no relevant general reference at hand. Depending on your particular system, you will have to search the literature.
With best regards
Petr
Thank you Sir, I would like know the how traps are forming in disorder materials?
Dear A.K.Kavala,
before we start discussing traps in disordered materials, you have to tell me what kind of disordered materials. Are these biological tissues, liquids, polymers, solid defect crystals, poly-crystals with grain boundaries, bulk glasses or thin amorphous films ?
Also important is what kind of traps you have in mind.
Once I understand what you mean and your definitions, I might be able to suggest something useful that you might be able to use.
With best regards
Petr
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