A recently study analysis support the view that surface heat flux variations have a role in the meridional warming of SST during ENSO development. This new conclusion differs from previous studies !!!!!
Reference:
Nicole D. Colasacco-Thumm, 2015. An Investigation of Surface Heat Fluxes during El Niño–Southern oscillation (ENSO) Evolution in Reanalyses. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Also, in the last years, contributions based on data analysis, has investigated the importance of heat fluxes over the tropical pacific ocean proposing a complementary index to assess whether or not El Niño or La Niña conditions prevail.
Reference: K. G. Pavlakis, N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, A. Fotiadi, and I. Vardavas. Enso surface shortwave radiation forcing over the tropical pacific. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(18):5565–5577, 2008.
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