The starting point of thermodynamic logic is: 1) opposing perpetual motion. 2) The irreversibility of dynamics. Let's look at how to get Carnot efficiency = 1-T1/T2.

1.1 There are many kinds of type 2 perpetual motors, each of which is a natural phenomenon.

A) Machine A: against the irreversibility of thermodynamics (diffusion, heat conduction, friction, etc) - dynamics;

B) Machine B: Utilizing the Difference of Carnot Efficiency (Reversible Thermodynamics) - Thermodynamics

1.2 A and B belong to different disciplines. There is a parallel relationship between them and there is no logical mutual inevitability.

1.3. Logic of the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Experience induction, deny that A machine==> B machine can not be manufactured==> All material Kano efficiency: 1-T1/T2.

1.4 The logic of the second law of thermodynamics violates the physical logic that A and B cannot be inferred from each other.

1.5 The second law of thermodynamics elevates the "irreversibility", which is in fact only a kinetic experience.

📷 Detailed discussion can be found in the following figure.

Dear Mazen Khoder,

If There is no tool then there is no Science.

Dear Krishnan M S,

Absolutely we need Math, but as a tool for physics, not as a goal!

With best regards.

Comparison of New and Old Thermodynamics

1. Logic of the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Subjectivism, Logical Jump, Interdisciplinary Argumentation.

2. New thermodynamics pursues universality, two theoretical cornerstones:

2.1 Boltzmann formula: ro=A*exp(-Mgh/RT) - Isotope centrifugal separation experiments show that it is suitable for gases and liquids.

2.2. Hydrostatic equilibrium: applicable to gases and liquids.

3. The second and third sonic virial coefficients of R143a derived from the new thermodynamics are in agreement with the experimental results.

3.1. The third velocity Virial coefficient derived is in agreement with the experimental data, which shows that the theory is still correct when the critical density is reached.

4. See Appendix Pictures and Documents for details.

Dear Bo Miao ,

Please can you clarify for me, what you mean by your comment?

With best regards.

Replace the Second Law of Thermodynamics with New Theory。You need to understand what I wrote. It's really interesting.

Dear Bo Miao ,

Ok, God willing, I will try to understand it,

but I mean by my question what is the relation between my image and this "New Theory" in thermodynamics?

With best regards.

It's much simpler than the second law of thermodynamics.

Dear Bo Miao

Yes, I understand what you mean,

Thank you.

Several formulas can be substituted to draw a conclusion, and there are some cases.

There are too many logical jumps in the second law of thermodynamics

1，The second law of thermodynamics is incorrect. See figure below for details.

2，The system is isothermal and exchanges heat with a large heat source to keep the temperature constant. Only volume changes are discussed.

3，The problem here is that the actual system is balanced and the second law of thermodynamics judges it to be unbalanced.