In India, rice-wheat cropping system occupied on approx. 12 mha and stand at top with respect to any cropping system prevailed in India. There is many pros & cons associated with this cropping including intensification with respect to horizontal and vertical aspects. Lets share your views here. Regards
Over extraction of underground water and its deterioration due to heavy use of agrochemicals should be minimised. Management practices for weeds, diseases, insect-pests and crop residues should be prioritised with respect to the soil and environmental health. Further the use of new technologies in Rice-Wheat cropping system is also promising.
Integrated approach right from INM, IPM is required. To be more sustainable and reduce adverse effect on environment including one legume as intercrop particularly in Wheat based on agroecological situation like field pea/lentil/cowpea/ricebean other locally available legume may be beneficial. In situ decomposition of straw and other crop residue using CDM may be practiced.
Promising result was found in an experiment conducted at AAU. Details may be seen -- "Effect of rice (Oryza sativa) straw management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum), June 2008. Indian Journal of Agronomy 53(2):112-115
Check https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222298970_Productivity_and_Management_of_Rice-Wheat_Cropping_Systems_Issues_and_Challenges
The three factors that could contribute to increased rice productivity are: (a) developing new rice varieties including hybrids with higher yield potential; (b) minimizing the yield gap between what is currently harvested by farmers and the achievable highest on-farm yield of varieties they grow; and (c) reducing the ... http://www.fao.org/3/x6905e/x6905e0f.htm
The major factors are responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success include the usage and optimization of different techniques like surface seeding, the zero-till system, reduced-till system and bed-planting technology; adoption of new technologies on cropping pattern; intervention of crop diversification ... https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/pracin-jain-academy/the-major-factors-responsible-for-making-rice-wheat-system-a-success-29243/
I did a similar study in Kenya and you can get the paper here.
http://www.agrifoodscience.com/index.php/TURJAF/article/view/3883
Here is another paper I did on rice intensification
Article Effect of Ploughing Techniques on Water Use and Yield of Ric...
Rice- wheat cropping system occupies considerable area under cultivation being staple food especially in Indo-Gangetic plains of India since longer period of time..Both crops belongs to poaceae family, exhaustive crops, higher input responsive crops especially water and nutrients, heavy infestation of weeds, insect pest and diseases...Rice- wheat cropping system so called monoculture results in deterioration of soil fertility because of indiscriminate use of inputs, decline in water table because of heavy use of water especially in TPR(transplanted rice), heavy use of herbicides, insecticides and fungicide and synthetic chemical fertilizers like Urea, DAP, MOP etc...Both crops produce heavy straw which is burnt by farmers frequently in order to make suitable seed bed in time especially for wheat Sowing to avoid chances of late sowing of wheats..soil physical chemical and biological properties has got imbalanced activities thereby loss resulting of sustainability of the system.. precise application of all the inputs, inclusion of legume either as catch crop or intercrop, shift from TPR to DSR, use of organic manures, use of integrated nutrient management, growing of sesbania along with rice co culture, application of nutrients in accordance with soil test values, water conservation techniques in field, use of HYVs, and many more may be a strategy to enhance productivity level of the system with least damage to the ecology
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