Here's a proposed answer to the question "Why is Earth moving away from the Sun?" It uses a modified idea of gravity where gravitational waves are absorbed by the Sun then re-radiated as a push that moves Earth away at 1.5 cms (or as I've read elsewhere, 15 cms) per year. Currently, solar-system formation can be summarized thus -
“Dust grains assemble by chemical bonding. Once they are sand or gravel sized, how they continue to stick is a mystery. Metre-sized rocks should spiral into the star rapidly due to disk drag. Once rocks somehow get past these barriers, they collide with each other in in a chaotic and random way assembling the planets.” (Australian National University’s online astrophysics course “Greatest Unsolved Mysteries of the Universe” [presented on edX by Prof. Brian Schmidt and Dr. Paul Francis], 2012-2019, ANUx - ANU-ASTRO1x: Lesson 8 [Solar System Formation])
The following method of building planets is preferred to collisions between rocks and dust in the disk because most planetary systems seem to outweigh the protoplanetary disks in which they formed, leaving astronomers to re-evaluate planet-formation theories. (AstroNews: Astronomy, February 2019, p. 17)
Visualize a parallelogram with the bottom left-hand angle denoted by A and angles B, C, D are marked counterclockwise. Two vectors acting on a point may be represented by two adjoining sides of a parallelogram, so that their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram (AD and CD, for example, can symbolize the electromagnetic and gravitational vectors … while the resultant diagonal of DB substitutes for the interaction of those two forces).
Two sides thus illustrate the graviton's spin 2 and the photon's spin 1. The resultant diagonal represents the interaction of the sides/vectors (1÷2 = the spin ½ of every matter particle). The mass produced during the photon-graviton interaction (the energy and momentum of photons and presently hypothetical gravitons produces a pressure we call mass) could therefore produce any particle you can think of.
When humans really are flying around the universe in Star-Trek-like starships, tractor beams will be handy things. The first step in building one requires us to look about 100 years into the past, when Einstein developed his theory of General Relativity. General Relativity says gravity is a PUSH caused by the curvature of space-time, and has updated the old Newtonian definition of gravity as a PULL.
Since mass (and the nuclear forces associated with matter) are a product of gravitation, the gravitational waves do not simply penetrate matter but - like a biological enzyme - must pause to react with it. The matter absorbs and re-radiates the gravitational waves so rapidly that they appear to merely pass through the matter unimpeded. The GEM wave itself doesn’t attract an object to the starship. The matter formed at the wave-packet front by the GEM (Gravitational-ElectroMagnetic) wave ... or Tractor Beam ... re-emits waves, pushing the object in the tractor beam (between the starship and the wave-packet front) towards the starship. This is similar to a push that moves Earth away from the Sun.
Since mass (and the nuclear forces associated with matter) are a product of gravitation, the gravity-to-mass reaction can then be reversed, eliminating the conspicuous mass and replacing it with an ordinary gravitational wave.
When I first saw you call this a "concoction of unsubstantiated wild imaginings (that) is completely removed from science", I misunderstood and thought you were attacking my ideas. But then you did call it a quote. So you're actually attacking Nobel Prize co-winner Brian Schmidt and his colleague Paul Francis (now a professor). Even if we disagree with them at times, they deserve respect. But you seem to disagree about respecting them. And you probably think I shouldn't have used their quote.
Rodney Bartlett
Dear Rodney,
Note that the Moon is also moving away from the Earth.
There seems to be a simple explanation to all orbits in the solar system expanding in this manner.
The whole solar system is currently about 15 million years away from peri-galacticon on its about 250 million years galactic orbit about the center of our galaxy, which means that it is progressively getting deeper into the gravity field of the galaxy, which results in all bodies in the solar system being drawn outwards as the external ambient gravity intensity increases.
In about 15 million years, all orbits will start shrinking again as the solar system moves away from the center of the galaxy until it reaches the farthest point on its elliptic orbit about the center of the galaxy, in about 140 million years.
Analyzed in Section XVII of this article:
Article Inside Planets and Stars Masses
All formal references are provided.
Best Regards, André
André Michaud
I found your reply very interesting and insightful. After reading your attachment, my brain was almost drowning in a sea of ideas I wanted to write down. I spent a couple of days typing and copying/pasting (starting with my original comment and your reply), and will attach the ideas. No doubt I'm biased but this attachment seems to be a pretty good foundation for an article in a science journal. What do I need to do if I decide to submit to General Science Journal? I don't know which of the 3 categories I'd submit to, though.
Best wishes, Rodney
Rodney Bartlett
Dear Rodney,
Glad that my attachment was of help.
Your title is fine, and you have a reasonable Reference section. Your text is quite informative. If you add an Abstract at the beginning (a short paragraph that summarizes the purpose of your paper) then I would say that it would fit equally well in the Essays Section or the Research Section.
You can then submit it in pdf format to the editor serving your region.
Note that the GSJournal is an informal journal that most authors use as an easy to access repository for their preprints or works-in-progress to be referred to for exposure at no expense. The articles can be modified at the author's discretion afterwards by submitting new versions if need be.
Best Regards, André
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