The adverse effects that may occur during the pharmacological treatment of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis can vary depending on the specific medication used. Here are some of the common adverse effects associated with commonly used drugs:

• Injection site reactions: Pain, swelling, redness, or irritation at the injection site.
• Cardiotoxicity: Rare but serious adverse effect that can manifest as electrocardiographic changes, arrhythmias, or cardiac dysfunction.
• Hepatotoxicity: Liver function abnormalities, including elevated liver enzymes.
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, presenting as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated pancreatic enzymes.
• Nephrotoxicity: Renal impairment, including increased serum creatinine levels.

• Infusion-related reactions: Fever, chills, rigors, headache, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension during or shortly after infusion.
• Nephrotoxicity: Impairment of kidney function, including acute kidney injury or electrolyte imbalances.
• Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia: Low levels of potassium and magnesium in the blood.
• Hematological effects: Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or coagulation abnormalities.

• Gastrointestinal effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia.
• Hepatotoxicity: Elevated liver enzymes and potential liver injury.
• Teratogenicity: Contraindicated in pregnancy due to the risk of fetal malformations.
• Renal impairment: Increased serum creatinine levels and decreased renal function.

• Injection site reactions: Pain, swelling, or inflammation at the injection site.
• Nephrotoxicity: Impairment of kidney function, including increased serum creatinine levels.
• Ototoxicity: Rare cases of reversible hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction.

It is important to note that the frequency and severity of adverse effects may vary among individuals and can be influenced by factors such as the duration of treatment, dosage, and underlying health conditions. Patients undergoing treatment for leishmaniasis should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals to promptly identify and manage any potential adverse effects.