I’ve been reading about the Flyby Anomaly - a discrepancy between current scientific models and the actual increase in speed observed during a planetary flyby of a spacecraft - on Wikipedia, and note that there’s no satisfactory explanation. I’d like to briefly outline a proposed explanation that combines 3 scientific papers – 1) a paper published by Albert Einstein in 1919, 2) one by George Yuri Rainich in 1925, and 3) one reporting on an electrical engineering experiment at Yale University (2009). This outline should be confirmable by combining data from the space agency with the equations in each paper.
(1) Einstein wrote “Spielen Gravitationfelder im Aufbau der Elementarteilchen eine Wesentliche Rolle?” [Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?] Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, [Math. Phys.], 349-356, Berlin. This paper, asking if subatomic particles result from gravitational-electromagnetic (G-EM) interaction, is often dismissed because the discovery of the weak and strong nuclear forces is said to make it out of date. But my updating of Einstein’s paper – published two months ago in the journal “IPI Letters” https://doi.org/10.59973/ipil.29 - shows, in sections 3 and 4 (Vector-Tensor-Scalar Geometry), that G-EM interaction can produce the mass and quantum spin of not only the nuclear forces’ bosons but also of the Higgs boson. During a flyby, the gravitational component of the space probe’s mass would interact with the planet’s gravity. As papers 2 and 3 will explain, this interaction would be an attraction resulting in increased velocity of the spacecraft. “3” will show that repulsion is also possible, causing slowed speed – attraction and repulsion could even cancel, producing a flyby speed that agrees with prediction.
(2) Rainich wrote “Electrodynamics in the general relativity theory”. by G. Y. Rainich. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1925), 106-136 https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1925-027-01/S0002-9947-1925-1501302-6/ This states that Albert Einstein's equations say gravitational fields carry enough information about electromagnetism to allow James Clerk Maxwell's equations to be restated in terms of these gravitational fields. The Yale experiment shows electromagnetism’s light waves can attract and repel on nano-scales, so it’s very likely gravitational waves also attract and increase space probe velocity during flyby.
(3) The Yale University experiment was published in the journal “Nature Photonics” article “Tunable bipolar optical interactions between guided lightwaves” by Mo Li, W. H. P. Pernice & H. X. Tang, Nature Photonics 3, 464 – 468 (2009). This experiment demonstrated that, on nano-scales, light can attract and repel itself like electric charges or magnets. This is the Optical Bonding Force. One proposed explanation for the flyby anomaly is that it’s a topological effect. Continuing with this line of thought, my outline proposes a mathematical universe – this is based on the work of well-known scientists such as John Wheeler, Max Tegmark, Erik Verlinde, Ed Fredkin, Rafael Sorkin, and Melvin Vopson of the Internet’s Information Physics Institute. Their work is extended into details developed by the author. A universe that is mathematical in its foundation is required since the gravitational-electromagnetic unification spoken of in connection with the Yale experiment is proposed to function topologically (using the Mobius strip and figure-8 Klein bottle). Space and time are united - in this hypothesis, by the real+imaginary numbers of Wick rotation representing the 4th dimension and being built into the 2D Mobius strips which are constructed from the 1D binary digits of 1 and 0 (identified as Hidden Variables compatible with quantum entanglement). Two strips join to create a figure-8 Klein bottle and trillions of strips and bottles respectively form the photon/graviton (the Klein bottles are immersed in the 3rd dimension).
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