Dear Dr. Paul,

Prior studies have examined the theoretical, methodological, and empirical approaches related to southern urbanism (Parida and Agrawal, 2022), as well as the modern methods for studying the Global South through an analysis of recent urban studies textbooks (Lawhon and Le Roux, 2019). Even though the majority of studies recognize that the South is empirically distinct (Lawhon and Truelove, 2020), southern urbanism is nevertheless viewed negatively due to the implicit north-south binaries in urban theories (Roy, 2020). In addition, there are significant differences in how knowledge is produced. Nevertheless, despite these worries, knowledge is predominantly created and disseminated in the North by academics who were born in or studied in northern or Western cities (Lawhon, 2020; Lawhon et al., 2020), as well as in the South by academics who are based in the Global South. Theoretical, methodological, and empirical approaches to southern urbanism have been investigated in previous research (Parida and Agrawal, 2022), as well as contemporary approaches to studying the Global South through an examination of recent urban studies textbooks (Lawhon and Le Roux, 2019). Due to the inherent north-south binaries in urban concepts, southern urbanism is still seen negatively even though the bulk of research acknowledges that the south is empirically distinct (Lawhon and Truelove, 2020). Significant disparities exist in the methods used to produce knowledge as well. However, despite these concerns, academics born in or trained in northern or western cities predominately develop and distribute knowledge in the North and were

born in or trained in northern or western cities predominately develop and distribute knowledge in the North and the South (Lawhon, 2020; Lawhon et al., 2020).

This question itself suggests there is a disconnection between planning theory and planning practice in Global South.

La “planificación urbana contemporánea” ha sido aplicada y se aplica con diferentes enfoques teórico - metodológicos de planificación urbana: (Castillo, 2020a, pp. 222-223)

· La “planificación urbana normativa”, enfoque que se caracteriza por el énfasis en la formulación de planes físico - espaciales, diseñados en función de una imagen objetivo de largo plazo; y por la intención de regulación normativa de los usos del suelo, basada en un urbanismo tecnócrata y positivista (Fernández Güell, 1997).

· La “planificación urbana estratégica”, enfoque orientado a posicionar a la ciudad, en función de las oportunidades que ofrece el entorno globalizado y las fortalezas de cada ciudad, a través de megaproyectos urbanos (Fernández, 1997; CIDEU, 1993).

· La “planificación urbana ambiental”, enfoque que incorpora la sustentabilidad ambiental en el proceso planificador de las ciudades, para un manejo adecuado de la relación entre desarrollo urbano y medio ambiente, a fin de aminorar las consecuencias ambientales negativas (INADUR, 2001).

· La “gobernanza urbana”, enfoque entendido como una estrategia compleja de gestión social e institucional de los procesos de transformación del desarrollo urbano, a fin de lograr acuerdos entre los actores económicos, sociales e institucionales involucrados, para ir procurando la corrección incremental de los principales problemas que afectan la evolución de las ciudades (De Mattos, 2001).

· La “planificación del desarrollo urbano sostenible”, enfoque que inicialmente postulaba la incorporación de la sustentabilidad ambiental, la competitividad urbana y la equidad social urbana en el desarrollo de la ciudad. Sin embargo, aún se maneja en términos teóricos y académicos, pero no ha sido asimilada suficientemente en términos legales y normativos en la mayoría de los países (Castillo, 2018, p. 151).

Castillo, R. 2018. "Hacia una Política Pública de Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible en el Perú". PAIDEIA XXI, 8: 139-160.

Castillo, R. 2020a. “Hacia el Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible de la Costa Verde de la Megalópolis Lima Callao, Perú, al 2050”. PAIDEIA XXI, 10: 203-231.

In the global south such as Nigeria planning theories and urban planning and development have a divergent gap contemporary as these theories principles have not been employed to actualise urban planning and management of urban areas to tackle issues and shaping the urban morphology.

In the case of Bogotá, Colombia's capital, urban planning theories and their application in reality denote a significant distance. This situation is not recent but is part of the city's history.

I have studied and demonstrated what I am mentioning for Bogota in the first half of the twentieth century (1910-1950) and also in the first decades of the twenty-first century (in the latter case, I demonstrated it by analyzing Bogota's Land Use Masters Plans from the perspective of public policy).

If you are interested, there is a book published on the subject titled "La ciudad de los elegidos. Crecimiento urbano, jeraquización social y poder político. Bogotá, 1910-1950" (2006).

The research on the first decades of the 21st century will be published soon, so I could send it to you when that happens.

Comparto plenamente la respuesta de Adriana Suarez, la historia del desarrollo urbano de Bogotá, con afortunadas excepciones, obedece a los lineamientos políticos de los gobernantes, que cambian cada 4 años y no a las teorias urbanisticas, un ejemplo de ello es el proyecto del metro, que ahora a pesar de tener contrato para su ejecuciòn, esta en entredicho pot las diferencias politicas entre la alcladesa actual y el ex-alclade hoy presidente

Planning theory has had a significant influence on urban planning and development in the Global South, but the extent of its application to practice varies across regions and contexts. Here is an overview of how planning theory has influenced urban planning in the Global South and the challenges of applying it:

1. Transfer of planning model:

Influence:

Many urban planning theories were born in Western countries and spread to Southern countries. These theories have shaped the conceptual framework of urban planning in these areas.

Extent of Application:

Different levels of application. In some cases, planning models from the West are applied directly, while in others, planning models are made to adapt to local conditions. However, the ability to apply Western planning models to the diverse and often rapidly growing cities of the Global South is sometimes limited.

2. Modernization and infrastructure development:

Influence:

Modernization theories have influenced planning in the Global South by promoting economic development and infrastructure projects as means to achieve urban development and growth.

Extent of Application:

There has been an emphasis on infrastructure development in many cities in the South, sometimes to the detriment of social and environmental considerations. This has led to problems of inequality and sustainability.

3. Sustainable development:

Influence:

Sustainable development theories have gained importance in planning in the Global South due to the need to address environmental challenges and ensure long-term urban resilience.

Extent of Application:

Even where sustainability principles are in place, their implementation often faces challenges due to resource constraints, rapid urbanization, and competing priorities.

4. Participation and inclusion:

Influence:

Theories that emphasize community participation and inclusivity have gained ground in the Global South, recognizing the importance of involving local communities in decision-making processes.

Extent of Application:

Progress has been made in a number of areas, with participatory planning processes becoming more common. However, challenges related to power dynamics and capacity constraints can limit the effectiveness of community participation.

5. Informal settlements and slum upgrading:

Influence:

Theories focused on addressing informal settlements and slums have influenced policies and practices in the Global South, recognizing the need for inclusive development.

Extent of Application:

Efforts to upgrade informal settlements and provide basic services have been made in many cities, but the scale of the challenge often exceeds resources and capacity.

6. Cultural and contextual sensitivity:

Influence:

The importance of considering cultural and contextual factors in urban planning is increasingly recognized, leading to more context-sensitive approaches.

Extent of Application:

Despite growing awareness of the need for context-specific planning, implementation can vary significantly and traditional practices may still prevail in some cases.

In summary, planning theory has influenced urban planning and development in the Global South by providing conceptual frameworks and guiding principles. However, the extent to which it is applied in practice varies due to many factors, including resource constraints, rapid urbanization, political dynamics, and cultural considerations. Efforts are underway to adapt and develop planning approaches to better address the unique challenges and opportunities present in cities across the Global South.