Adaptation is the response to a real risk. It is therefore rather contextual and one cannot make too many general statements. As you correctly highlight are resources and capacities restricted in many developing countries, which also have impacts one adaptation strategies. Maybe one can agree on ways to identify possible adaptation measures: wherever communities are involved they need to be involved in decision making. It is essential that they take ownership of the activities, meaning that they identify themselves with the measures. It would be best to work out possible adaptation measures in close cooperation with the communities, where measures are to be carried out.

Another important question is about exposure. What are the main challenges, and which groups in society are most exposed? Is it more a continuous threat, or one that has a high risk to occur (e.g. enhance the intensity of extreme events like droughts, tropical storms, etc.)

thanks for the great response Prof. however, the only way any adaption strategy can be sustained in any region, community or nation is for then to make it there own as you have said but it requires extra inductive approach considering the large number of cultural background in Africa.