I don't think there is a ready answer to this. Quantum computing is not at the technological level that can compete with usual computing (which is also quantum). What exists today are devices that somehow are able to obtain some computational advantage in some specific activity. If the problem is "quantum" then it is assumed that the models can be improved and perform better.
Here are some ways quantum computation can be used for numerical modeling:
Quantum simulation: Quantum computers can be used to efficiently simulate quantum systems, which are inherently challenging for classical computers due to the exponential growth of the state space with the number of particles. Quantum simulation has applications in areas like condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and material science, where understanding the behavior of quantum systems is crucial for predicting properties and designing new materials.
Optimization problems: Many numerical modeling tasks involve solving complex optimization problems. Quantum computers can potentially provide speedups for some optimization problems using quantum algorithms like Grover's search algorithm and the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). These algorithms could be applied to various fields, including operations research, finance, logistics, and machine learning.
Linear algebra and differential equations: Quantum algorithms for linear algebra, such as HHL (Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd) algorithm, can solve certain linear systems of equations exponentially faster than classical algorithms. This speedup can be beneficial for many numerical modeling tasks that involve large-scale linear systems, like fluid dynamics simulations or electromagnetic field calculations. Additionally, research is being conducted to develop quantum algorithms for solving partial differential equations, which are ubiquitous in numerical modeling across various disciplines.
Machine learning and data analysis: Quantum computers can potentially improve machine learning and data analysis techniques used in numerical modeling by providing speedups for certain tasks, such as clustering, classification, and dimensionality reduction. Quantum machine learning algorithms, like the quantum support vector machine and quantum principal component analysis, could enhance the analysis of complex and high-dimensional data sets in various fields.
It is important to note that while quantum computation holds promise for numerical modeling, practical applications are still in their early stages. Current quantum computers have a limited number of qubits, are subject to noise, and require error correction techniques. As quantum computers become more advanced, we can expect to see more practical applications of quantum computation in numerical modeling and other fields.