Dear Colleague please clarify. Are you referring to laparoscopy or robotic assisted. Which element would you see needs attention. Either option has restrictions and technical issues at any single point in the procedures. Biomedical engineers need to work in conjunction with the surgeons performing the strategies to better understand the technical challenges in light of the situations that arise in the very different anatomy and medical conditions in each patients. Biomedical engineering or mechatronic biomedical engineering needs the input of both surgeon and engineer to best solve very specific issues.

Cost and Accessibility Problem: Robotic surgery systems are expensive, limiting their availability and increasing the cost of procedures.

Role of Biomedical Engineers: Engineers focus on cost-reduction strategies by refining designs and materials, optimizing the manufacturing process, and working on modular systems that can be used across multiple procedures. They also collaborate on open-source projects that aim to make robotic surgery more accessible.

I believe that when accessibility is universal, the other issues will be optimized, which for me are secondary.