I clearly want to know if we have only two main forms. Thus, the public stigma and self-stigma or probably other forms of mental health related stigma.
Thank you.
This depends upon your understanding of stigma. If you think about stigma in evolutionary terms as a way of rationing limited social resources by determining who can and cannot access them, then stigma is a form of discrimination.
By limiting or denying access to the basic resources of society, institutional stigma is fundamentally important. By determining who can marry whom, what rights a person has to access education, employment, domicile, health care, religious participation – the list goes on – the institutions of society control the access of the stigmatised groups.
And because stigma controls access to "that which is most at stake", it is an inherently ethical matter.
As an observation : societies invent definitions of stigma that conceal its nature and purpose and that allow it to continue to operate unhindered. By defining stigma as negative beliefs that can potentially be corrected by nice friendly advertising campaigns, we distract attention from the purpose and operation of stigma and its embeddedness in social institutions, and instead pretend that it's a matter of mistaken beliefs at the individual level. Cunning!
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Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology
Encyclopedia of Mental Health (Second Edition)
2016, Pages 230-234
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The Stigma of Mental Illness
Author links open overlay panelP.W.CorriganA.B.Bink
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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397045-9.00170-1Get rights and content
Abstract
The stigma of mental illness can be explained in terms of stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination. Stereotypes and prejudices often lead to discriminatory behaviors that limit access to rightful opportunities.
Four types of stigma: self-stigma, public stigma, label avoidance, and structural stigma, contribute to lower self-esteem, treatment avoidance, and restricted access to adequate housing, employment, and medical care for people with mental illness. Evidence suggests that erasing the stigma of mental illness can be accomplished by adopting targeted, contact-based approaches to stigma change in conjunction with affirming attitudes and behaviors that promote opportunities for people with mental illness.
See some discussion in https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe57d "A review of mental health and wellbeing under climate change in small island developing states (SIDS)".
Other persons' attitudes, fears and rejection of and to persons subject to mental disorders are stigmatizing:
This depends solely on how people perceived the notion of mental health in different context
Contempt, Segregation, Minorization and Loss of Rights, converting the Mentally Ill into 2nd or 3rd class subjects, Discrimination in all senses, etc. sometimes leading to sterilization, unnecessary surgeries (lobotomies) and imprisonment for life in asylum or frenopathic.
Misunderstanding due to the cultural reason / lack of awareness on mental health issues /
There are other forms of stigma too:
(1) Structural stigma signifies institutional practices and policies that create an environment of inequality and restrict opportunities for persons with mental illness.
(2) Internalized stigma (commonly known as self‑stigma) is characterized by negative feelings about self and is accompanied by identity transformation, stereotype endorsement, and maladaptive behavior.
(3) Public stigma is a stigma in which large social groups endorse stereotypes and discrimination about mental illness and act against individuals who are mentally ill. It represents what the public does to people known to have a mental illness.
(4) Label avoidance: When people are publicly labeled through association with a mental health program.
I hope this helps.
Stigma takes many forms. It depends on the type of observation you have made and you want to measure. During my study I found perceived stigma which is a cognitive aspect of stigma, social stigma, and personal. Many other forms of stigma are also associated with mental health
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