Natural groundwater is composed of dissolved ions, in general. The suitability of the groundwater for different purposes (mainly for drinking and irrigation) is becoming problematic and its vulnerability is increasing worldwide tremendously. However, groundwater can be treated both naturally as well as artificially though very difficult and costly, sometimes it looks impossible.
Could anyone tell me "how natural zeolites can enhance the groundwater quality and the mechanisms that are taking place in volcanic terrains/rocks (especially, the chemical reactions)?"
Regards,
Getnet
Well,
The natural zeolites are mainly used in wastewater treatment for heavy metals removal like (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Fe, etc.) which form serious environmental problems.
Regards
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/zeolites
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Article Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastew...
Natural zeolite forms tight bonds with ammonia and heavy metals. Hence, it helps to reduce the heavy metals, a major water toxin, to the minimum.
well I have used zeolite for aquaculture purpose with results binding ammonia in fish wastewater and makes economy od water possible in aquaculture even a static pond water aqua system
Investigations on Cationic Exchange Capacity and Unused Bed Zone according to operational conditions in a Fixed Bed Reactor for water lead removal by a natural zeolite
Abstract
In this study, attention has been focused on the behaviour of the Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC) and the Unused Bed Zone (UBZ), according to the operating parameters (bed length: L, column diameter: D, particle diameter: d and fl ow rate: Q) in a Fixed Bed Reactor (FBR). The investigations are performed for a single-component study of lead on New Zealand clinoptilolite at 25 ± 1°C. The results show a constant operating CEC of 1.00 ± 0.015 meq.g-1 which is independent of the operational parameters listed above. The performance of the operations expressed as UBZ, shows an optimum for the ratio L/D (bed length and column diameter) fi xed at 18.1, for Q = 2.9 BV.h-1 (bed volume per hour) and particle diameter d = 0.38 mm (the ratio particle diameter on column diameter d/D at 0.057). This maximum performance is reached with the lowest UBZ value of 5.6% of the operating CEC. Overall interpretation drawn from the results according to UBZ shows that decreasing the particles size improves the performance of ion exchange process; as well as decreasing the fl ow rate. Nevertheless, the increase of L/D to a certain extent does not improve ion exchange performances. Keywords. Cationic Exchange Capacity, Unused Bed Zone, clinoptilolite, Fixed Bed Reactor, zeolite.
Fanfan, P. N., Mabon, N., Thonart, P., Lognay, G., Copin, A., & Barthélemy, J. P. (2006). Investigations on Cationic Exchange Capacity and Unused Bed Zone according to operational conditions in a Fixed Bed Reactor for water lead removal by a natural zeolite. Biotechnologie, agronomie, société et environnement, 10(2), 93-99.
https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/25839/1/Fanfan.BASE.2006.pdf
Kinetics of Cation Exchange Capacity ofHomoionic Sodium Form Nay Zeolite
Abstract
Batch experiments have been performed on samples of synthetic homoionic sodium form NaY zeolites to measure their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the kinetic parameters associated the exchange process. The kinetic data of the ion exchange of homoionic sodium form NaY zeolite/ Ca aqueous solutions systems at different temperatures was best fitted to Pseudo second order kinetic model. The results indicated that diffusion is the only mechanism that describes mass transfer from the particle surface to the exchangeable site, and intraparticle transport is the only rate –limiting step in the process of cation exchange.
Matti, A. H., & Surchi, K. M. Kinetics of Cation Exchange Capacity of Homoionic Sodium Form Nay Zeolite.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Kinetics-of-Cation-Exchange-Capacity-ofHomoionic-Matti-Surchi/f71decd65c150ccc14c602093cd2e00cfd4fe889
New model for performance prediction in fixed-bed reactors based on the approach of the unused bed zone
Abstract
In the present study a practical model useful for designers dealing with pilot scale reactors for pollutant control has been developed. Investigations were undertaken for a single-component lead study on New Zealand clinoptilolite at the temperature of 25±1 ° C. Fifteen runs under different operating conditions such as particle characteristics (expressed as dp*/D), column geometry (as l*/D) and flow speed (as Re*) have been performed. The results were interpreted by a response surface method (RSM) from which an equation giving the unused bed zone (UBZ) was obtained. From those dimensionless parameters, a sequence of contour plots was drawn, making it easy for a designer to choose optimum design parameters while controlling the operation performance. The flow rate (Re*) range was established over the laminar flow conditions from 1 to 8, (l/D*) was extended from 7 to 20 and (dp/D*) varied from 3% to 10%. Optimization of performance of the reactor as UBZ could vary from 10% to 40% of the material operating capacity.
Fanfan, P. N., Mabon, N., Carletti, I., Claustriaux, J. J., Thonart, P., Lognay, G., ... & Barthelemy, J. P. (2005). New model for performance prediction in fixed-bed reactors based on the approach of the unused bed zone. Water research, 39(16), 4004-4010.
Article New model for performance prediction in fixed-bed reactors b...
Well,
The applicability of natural zeolites for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid, two of the most encountered contaminants, from the surface and groundwaters was also investigated. Their removal depends on pH value, initial concentrations of humic acid and ammonia, temperature, and contact time. The natural zeolite showed the best performance for the simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid at the pH close to that of natural waters. The use of natural and modified zeolites has been further investigated for the simultaneous removal of Fe and Mn ions from the groundwater.
Chapter Natural Zeolites in Water Treatment – How Effective is Their Use