I am doing a research on the social aspects of digital epidemiology by using a case study methodology on influenza. The literature from PubMed and Springer on digital epidemiology indicate the use of Google Flu Trends (GFT), Google Trends (or other research engines on Internet) and digital data from mobile devices. So my question is this one: is there always artificial intelligence when using these technologies in the context of research in digital epidemiology? The goal of this question is to determine if artificial intelligence will be included as one of the aspects of the definition of digital epidemiology in the context of my project. Thank you very much.