The answer will depend entirely on what the Vitamin D is "In". In pure form, easy. In a complex matrix, more complicated. The larger the possible number of interfering compounds (and sample prep steps needed), the longer the overall method usually is.

*Methods should not be "spec'd" based on total run time. We can often find many ways to reduce the total run time using smaller particles packed in high efficiency columns AFTER the primary method of analysis has been identified.

Try a 'common' HPLC procedure but use a 50 mm UPLC column (note Bill's answer above).

Review these:

HPLC analysis ofVD.pdf

HPLC Method for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Measurement- Comparison with Contemporary Assays.pdf

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I agree to the other comments. - just another thought: also the detector is of relevance. what is not possible with a UV detector (if body fluids are considered) might work with a tandem mass spectrometer.

So the speed is possible with UPLC columns and a UPLC pump, whether this ends up fit for purpose depends on the sample type, the detection limits that You need to achieve and the detectors and pumps You have available.

e.g. in my group we are running a lot of analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater analysis runs on a triple quad MS.- At the moment we are running with a 4 µm column material and are using 20 min per run. - currently we are buying a new system, which we will run on a 1.7 µm UPLC system. We hope to go down to 10 mins. (most of the time saving I expect in reality to originate from getting rid of the low pressure mixer in the ternary pumps that result in 2-3 mins stabilisation time (to ensure we are back to 100% water) at the end of the HPLC run. The new system will obviously be a high pressure mixer that will deliver the 100% water to the column with only seconds delay.