Is there any book or article on what are the elements of a building, with definitions, types/ categories, materials, construction, common defects/ problems of each e.g. walls, floors, staircase etc.?
Many books are published and collectively those books would provide the information you seek. Unfortunately, unless you are immersed in the actual start to finish of a project your academic skills cannot make you a builder without that special ingredient "experience". The best project managers I have worked with have been licensed architects, and the most effective construction managers have come up through the trades, or have owned a business. Start with a book on communication styles so that you can articulate what you want to know, why you need to know it, and where you are going with that knowledge.