I think there is some reasons but i don't know but i am interest to know about this.
Thank you very much for your nice discussion.
While men & women have the same prevalence of COVID19, male patients have a higher mortality. COVID-19 case-fatality ratio is approximately 2.4 times higher among men than among women.
Men and women differ in both innate and adaptive immune responses, perhaps related in part to sex-specific inflammatory responses resulting from X-chromosomal inheritance. The X chromosome contains a high density of immune-related genes; therefore, women generally mount stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than men. Men have higher plasma ACE2 levels than women do, and a recent study of patients with heart failure showed that plasma ACE2 concentrations were higher than normal in men and higher in men than in women, possibly reflecting higher tissue expression of the ACE2 receptor for SARS‐CoV infections. This could explain why men might be more susceptible to infection with, or the consequences of, SARS-CoV-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200247
Yes! Please see the RG links below.
Article Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Sever...
Article Gender Difference Is Associated With Severity of Coronavirus...
Article Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women?
Dear Prof. Sultan!
This is a relevant topic to discuss. Emerging evidence suggests that there is a correlation but further research is needed:
1) Takahashi, T., Ellingson, M.K., Wong, P. et al. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature (2020). Article Preview, Open Access © 2020 Springer Nature Limited Available at:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2700-3
2) Alan White 8 Mike Kirby (2020). "COVID‐19: biological factors in men's vulnerability" Trends in Urology & Men's Health Volume 11, Issue 4, Open Access Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Available at:
Article COVID‐19: biological factors in men's vulnerability
3) Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al. (2020). "Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans" Science 04 Sep 2020: Vol. 369, Issue 6508, Open Access © 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science, Available at:
Article Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus sev...
4) A case - study: Xinhua Yu et al. (2020). "Distinctive trajectories of the COVID-19 epidemic by age and gender: A retrospective modeling of the epidemic in South Korea" International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 98, September 2020, Open Access © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. Available at:
Article Distinctive trajectories of COVID-19 epidemic by age and gen...
5) Nirupa Gadi et al. (2020). "What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses" frontiers in Immunology, Review Article 28 August 2020 Open Access © 2007 - 2020 Frontiers Media S.A. Available at:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02147/full
Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely
Please also have a look at this RG link.
Article Sex-bias in COVID-19-associated illness severity and mortali...
Please go through the link below,
https://data.unwomen.org/resources/covid-19-emerging-gender-data-and-why-it-matters
Men tended to develop more serious cases than women, according to the clinical classification of severity.
https://journals.lww.com/ccejournal/fulltext/2020/06000/gender_difference_is_associated_with_severity_of.26.aspx
See the link please
Please have a look at the following link
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152/full
Yes, so far my observation is concerned it is true that covid-19 is gender sensitive.
Very informative question. Read this article
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152/full
Our country reports are telling same; male mortalities rate high.
Please have a look at the following link:
Article Sex differences in severity and mortality from COVID-19: are...
@Menassel Kawther @Menassel Kawther
Menassel Kawther added a reply on October 3, 2020, as follows:
"أعتقد أنه لا يمكن حسم المسألة حاليا سيكون الحكم سابق لأوانه "
Rough translation into English: " I think it can't be resolved right now. It's going to be premature [to answer this question] right now."
In my view, this reply prioritizes a scientific approach that is actuarial, that is, this answer favors a statistical analysis of a large amount of numerical data with wide parameters both in space and time, i.e., a generous sampling of abundant numbers of men and women who are located in various geographical locations and who are studied during a specified number of months or even years before any conclusions are drawn about whether the novel COVID-19 virus afflicts men (or women) with greater severity than the opposite sex.
Recent review indicated that the rate of mortality ratio is 70 : 30, so far as male and female are concerned.
Interestingly, while the severity and mortality of COVID-19 are higher in males than in females, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. In a review, researchers explored sex-related differences that may be contributing factors to the observed male-biased mortality from COVID-19. Males are considered the weaker sex in aspects related to endurance and infection control. Studies show that viral RNA clearance is delayed in males with COVID-19. A recent study has indicated that the testis can harbor coronavirus, and consequently, males show delayed viral clearance. However, the role of testis involvement in COVID-19 severity and mortality needs further research. Males and females show a distinct difference in immune system responses with females eliciting stronger immune responses to pathogens. This difference in immune system responses may be a major contributing factor to viral load, disease severity, and mortality. In addition, differences in sex hormone milieus could also be a determinant of viral infections as estrogen has immunoenhancing effects while testosterone has immunosuppressive effects. The sex-specific severity of COVID-19 infections indicates that further research on understanding the sex differences is needed. Inclusion of both males and females in basic research and clinical trials is required to provide critical information on sex-related differences that may help to better understand disease outcome and therapy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498997/
The high mortality of males due to COVID-19 raises the question whether males are more vulnerable than females. Males show higher mortality from diseases including heart disease, diabetes, liver disease, and cancer. Since these diseases are known to show sex-specific occurrence, they could be contributing factors for the sex-biased mortality from COVID-19. For instance, the male mortality in Italy was reported to be high compared to China and this is suggested to be due to a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Italian men. The differences between males and females are observed not only in disease susceptibility but also in early development during infancy, endurance towards stress conditions, and overall life expectancy. Sex differences are observed in life expectancy, with females outliving males by almost 7 years in some countries. This difference in life expectancy may be due to sex-related differences including hormonal milieu, genetics, and other physiological traits. Pieces of evidence indicate that females can outlive males even in harsh climate including famine. The 1772–1773 famine in Sweden dropped the life expectancy of males to 17.15 years while it was 18.79 years for females. The Irish famine (1845–1849) dropped life expectancy to 18.7 years for men and 22.4 years for women. The Ukrainian famine in 1993 dropped the life expectancy of males from 41.58 to 7.3 years and 45.93 to 10.9 for females. Other historical events also suggest that endurance levels to cope up with stressful conditions are low in males compared to females. The freed American slaves’ journey back to Africa in 1820–1843 resulted in high mortality with 43% death rate in the first year. The life expectancy at birth was 1.68 years for males and 2.23 years for females. The measles outbreak in Iceland (1845–1849) also showed sex-specific mortality. The average life expectancy dropped from 37.62 years to 16.76 for males and 43.99 years to 18.83 years for females. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498997/
Taken together, it can be suggested that males have lower endurance levels than females. The sex-related difference in the immune system, sex hormone milieu, and other unknown causes may be a contributing factor for the high mortality of males in stressful conditions including COVID-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498997/
COVID-19 has shown a clear male-biased severity and mortality in different countries. The sex-biased pathogenesis is not understood properly, but it could be multifactorial. The difference in immune system function between males and females could be an important determinant. Females are known to show a robust immune response to pathogens which could help them to better regulate viral load and viral clearance compared with males. Since many immune genes are present on X chromosome, the XX and XY genetic constitutions could also contribute to COVID-19 severity. Other differences including steroid hormone milieu and sex organs could also play a crucial role in pathogenesis (Fig. (Fig.5).5). Estrogen in females can have immune-enhancing effects while testosterone secreted by the testis can have immune-suppressive effects. However, there is no sufficient clinical data to show that the SARS-CoV-2 can enter the testis and regulate COVID-19 severity and mortality in males. Hence, testis involvement should be further explored to understand male-biased mortality. The stress endurance level in males and females is also different with females showing higher endurance against different stress including food shortage and pathogens. This could also be a contributing factor in sex-biased pathogenesis from COVID-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498997/
Kindly check https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498997/
These 2 systematic reviews concluded that!
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0241827
Article COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics, and Sex-Specific Risk of ...
Regards
Also consult the following RG link for better insights.
Article Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a ri...
Dear Dr Amina Sultan . COVID-19 may be associated with worse outcomes in males than in females. However, until more detailed data are provided in further studies enabling adjusted analysis, this remains an unproven assumption. See the RG link: Article COVID-19 gender susceptibility and outcomes: A systematic review
Kindly see also the following useful RG link: Article Sex differences in susceptibility, severity, and outcomes of...
Also check the following very good RG link: Article Gender Difference Is Associated With Severity of Coronavirus...
The following RG link is very useful: Article Gender and genetic factors impacting COVID-19 severity
Men tended to develop more serious cases than women due to covid-19, according to the clinical classification of severity Amina Sultan
Initially COVID-19 was more severe in men. However, more recently in Saudi Arabia the gender distribution has equalized. The reasons for this are unclear. However, there may be a difference in vaccine uptake between genders.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152/full,kindly check this link.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314340/,u can follow this link.
https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-021-01455-0,also u can follow this link.
https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-021-01455-0,this link is useful,covid-19 is more severe&prevent in males than females.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0245556,this link may be useful.
https://journals.lww.com/ccejournal/fulltext/2020/06000/gender_difference_is_associated_with_severity_of.26.aspx,this link is very useful,
Men are more at risk for worse outcomes and death, independent of age, with COVID-19. While males and females have the same prevalence of COVID-19, male patients have a higher mortality.Apr 29, 2020
https://www.frontiersin.org › full
Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and ...
Feedback
https://www.singlecare.com/blog/news/coronavirus-men-vs-women/,this link is very useful.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271824/,this link is very useful.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/01/210114095759.htm,this link is very very useful.
Since TLR7 gene is located on the X chromosome, mutations in TLR7 will affect males more than females, who bear two X chromosomes per cell. TLR7 deficiency has been reported as a genetic mediator for severe COVID-19 especially in males.
Article Why Females Do Better: The X Chromosomal TLR7 Gene-Dose Effe...
Yes, please see this papers:
An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Specific Manner
Link:
Article An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Sp...
Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain the greater severity and the less favorable outcome of COVID-19 in men compared to women. Differences in cultural and social behaviors in men and women have been claimed, together with the presence of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as smoking habits and alcohol intake, which are generally more prevalent in men compared to women. Furthermore, the disparities between sexes has been also attributed to the evidence that men adhere to hygiene practices, including simple handwashing behavior, less rigorously and assiduously than women, with consequent easier infection and burden of the disease in men compared to women. Besides these considerations, an increasing body of evidence indicates that the sex-related difference in the severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients is mainly ascribable to mechanisms of virus infection, immune response to the virus, development of hyperinflammation and hypercoagulability, and/or systemic inflammation and thromboembolism.
I do not think there is anything relating to gender when it comes to COVID
The following new study suggests that Y-chromosome loss may raise men's risk of severe COVID-19 cases.
Article Loss of Y in leukocytes as a risk factor for critical COVID-19 in men