Some literature defines "provenance" as the original source of invasive plant propagules used in an experiment or study (e.g. {Liu et al. (2017). Provenance-by-environment interaction of reproductive traits in the invasion of Spartina alterniflora in China. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1815}
{Zenni et al. (2014). Rapid evolution and range expansion of an invasive plant are driven by provenance-environment interactions. Ecology Letters, 17(6), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12278})
But what is the specific definition of "provenance" in invasion biology? Is it the original source (native geo-range) of an invasive plant propagule? Or Can the term provenance mean sources of propagules of a certain population of an invasive plant which can also be in the invaded range?
And Smith et. al. (2005) in their paper on "the effect of provenance on the establishment and performance of Lotus corniculatus L. in a re-creation environment" , discuss new terms i.e. "geographical" and "ecological" provenance. Are these two terms also adopted in invasion biology especially when studying alien plant species? If yes, how can we defferentiate them?
I thank you in advance for your responses.
NM
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