Nanoindentation is a good method, however the problem with this method is that you will have point measurements. To find the distribution of the mechanical properties in a solid you might want to read a little bit more about the application of digital image correlatoin (DIC). The only issue with this method is that it is a surface measurement.
But, anyway I guess DIC is probabely the easiest and most accurate method for full-field measurement of mechanical response of a solid. Here is the link to a paper I think would help you get a better insight on how to use DIC to measure the full-field mechanical response of a material:
Because the mechanical properties depend on the product and process parameters method such as finite element method can provide o the question what is the value of mechanical properties corresponding to the actual achieved parameters.
yes is possible, and depends of the aim of your research the technique used. For general reference you could take a look in MEchanical metallurgy by Dieter,