In 1950 Deming presenting lectures in Japan JUSE linear model and, put a very strong emphasis on improving and ultimately completed step model called the redesign also created a series of looping model:

1. Design- Design - design your product by conducting appropriate tests

2. Make - Produce - test production in laboratory conditions, but also on the production line.

3. Sale - Put on the market - Sell - enter the product to market and sell to customers.

4. Test - Check - verify the usefulness of the product, use this to market research, collect customer feedback, ask those who did not buy the reasons for their decision

5. Re-design- Redesign product taking into account the opinions of direction, the parameters of quality and price.

Repeat cycle in accordance with the above-described steps.

In 1981 Deming W, noted that the third step of the cycle is too simplistic. In the cycle is luck - DOE. Therefore, Edwards Deming did not want to call the third step "Check" (check). Proposed the "Study" (investigator, attempt to understand).

And today we can say PDSA  PLAN DO STUDY ACT

The PDCA : Plan Do Check Act , of the  Deming's cycle, is preliminar  to the developments generated by  the Six Sigma concept evolution  to  DMAIC : Define Measure Analyse Improve Control.

We apply these concepts in our process development studies  and we find it very effective not only on the applied research , but also  on the operational side one.

kind regards

Alberto

PDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products. It is also known as the Deming circle/cycle/wheel, Shewhart cycle, control circle/cycle, or plan–do–study–act (PDSA). Another version of this PDCA cycle is OPDCA. The added "O" stands for observation or as some versions say "Grasp the current condition." This emphasis on observation and current condition has currency with Lean manufacturing/Toyota Production System literature.

PDCA was made popular by Dr W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many to be the father of modern quality control; however, he always referred to it as the "Shewhart cycle". Later in Deming's career, he modified PDCA to "Plan, Do, Study, Act" (PDSA) because he felt that "check" emphasized inspection over analysis.[citation needed]

The concept of PDCA is based on the scientific method, as developed from the work of Francis Bacon (Novum Organum, 1620). The scientific method can be written as "hypothesis"–"experiment"–"evaluation" or plan, do and check. Shewhart described manufacture under "control"—under statistical control—as a three-step process of specification, production, and inspection.[3] He also specifically related this to the scientific method of hypothesis, experiment, and evaluation. Shewhart says that the statistician "must help to change the demand [for goods] by showing [...] how to close up the tolerance range and to improve the quality of goods."[4] Clearly, Shewhart intended the analyst to take action based on the conclusions of the evaluation. According to Deming, during his lectures in Japan in the early 1950s, the Japanese participants shortened the steps to the now traditional plan, do, check, act.[5] Deming preferred plan, do, study, act because "study" has connotations in English closer to Shewhart's intent than "check".[6]

A fundamental principle of the scientific method and PDCA is iteration—once a hypothesis is confirmed (or negated), executing the cycle again will extend the knowledge further. Repeating the PDCA cycle can bring us closer to the goal, usually a perfect operation and output.[6]

Another fundamental function of PDCA is the "hygienic" separation of each phase, for if not properly separated measurements of effects due to various simultaneous actions (causes) risk becoming confounded.[7]

PDCA (and other forms of scientific problem solving) is also known as a system for developing critical thinking. At Toyota this is also known as "Building people before building cars."[8] Toyota and other Lean companies propose that an engaged, problem-solving workforce using PDCA is better able to innovate and stay ahead of the competition through rigorous problem solving and the subsequent innovations. This also creates a culture of problem solvers using PDCA and creating a culture of critical thinkers.

In Six Sigma programs, the PDCA cycle is called "define, measure, analyze, improve, control" (DMAIC). The iterative nature of the cycle must be explicitly added to the DMAIC procedure.[citation needed]

Deming continually emphasized iterating towards an improved system, hence PDCA should be repeatedly implemented in spirals of increasing knowledge of the system that converge on the ultimate goal, each cycle closer than the previous. One can envision an open coil spring, with each loop being one cycle of the scientific method - PDCA, and each complete cycle indicating an increase in our knowledge of the system under study. This approach is based on the belief that our knowledge and skills are limited, but improving. Especially at the start of a project, key information may not be known; the PDCA—scientific method—provides feedback to justify our guesses (hypotheses) and increase our knowledge. Rather than enter "analysis paralysis" to get it perfect the first time, it is better to be approximately right than exactly wrong. With the improved knowledge, we may choose to refine or alter the goal (ideal state). Certainly, the PDCA approach can bring us closer to whatever goal we choose.[9]

Rate of change, that is, rate of improvement, is a key competitive factor in today's world. PDCA allows for major "jumps" in performance ("breakthroughs" often desired in a Western approach), as well as Kaizen (frequent small improvements). In the United States a PDCA approach is usually associated with a sizable project involving numerous people's time, and thus managers want to see large "breakthrough" improvements to justify the effort expended. However, the scientific method and PDCA apply to all sorts of projects and improvement activities

dear Martha,

thank you very much for such a thorough answer. I am looking for information on the roots and the original idea of the PDCA cycle.  Your answer helped me in scientific investigation

I hope that we will cooperate further

best regards

Kate

dear Amit K. Jain,

thank you very much for such a thorough answer. Your answer will contribute to the development of my research on the sources of the PDCA cycle.

What do you think about that corresponds to the PDCA cycle management functions defined by H. Fayol?

best wishes

Kate

 dear Alberto,

thank you very much for an extension answers. Of course I know the foundations of PDCA, but looking for the sources of and / or expansion and adaptation to other areas of analysis. Thus, thank you for pointing out the solution.

best wishes

Kate

PDCA for an organization houses Policy deployment - VSM - Kaizens.

Refer Dec 9th 2016 VSM poster in the attached link

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Performance-Management-Institutionalization