In my resent research in the area of metacognition (published in an Ebook called Adjunct Life by me, Maryann DiEdwardo, I talk about how students need to think about thinking. If you search databases in area of research on metacognition, there is evidence of lack of ability to think in areas of Africa due to cultural issues. These are only a part of strife and results of other issues that we all face such as neurological damage to children who are exposed to violence.