To decrease grating lobes, especially at zero degrees, in your beam steering transmissive phase gradient metasurface designed in CST, you can use several optimization techniques and tools available within CST Studio Suite. Here are some suggestions:
Parameter Sweep and Optimization: Use the Parameter Sweep tool to systematically vary design parameters and observe their effects on grating lobes. Employ the Optimization tool to automatically adjust parameters to minimize grating lobes. You can set specific goals, such as reducing side lobe levels or improving beam directivity.
Array Factor Optimization: Optimize the array factor by adjusting the spacing and phase of the elements in your metasurface. This can help in reducing grating lobes.
Filter Design: Implement spatial filters to suppress unwanted lobes. This can be done by designing the metasurface elements to have specific frequency responses.
Advanced Solver Settings: Utilize advanced solver settings in CST, such as the Time Domain Solver or Frequency Domain Solver, to accurately simulate and optimize the metasurface performance.
Use of Macros: CST provides macros that can automate repetitive tasks and complex optimization routines. You can create or use existing macros to fine-tune your metasurface design.
Design of Supercells: Design supercells with non-uniform element spacing or varying phase gradients to suppress grating lobes. This approach can help in achieving a more uniform radiation pattern.