Lean principles -> Waste: Lean principles like continuous improvement, workflow reliability, and value stream mapping can be modeled as negatively affecting waste. Implementing lean principles reduces waste.
Waste -> Project performance: Waste, including defects, waiting time, excess inventory etc. can be modeled as negatively affecting project performance metrics like cost, schedule, quality, and safety. Less waste improves project outcomes
Lean principles -> Project performance: Lean principles can have a direct positive effect on project performance by streamlining processes, enhancing collaboration, and focusing on value-adding activities. This relationship can be modeled.
Waste as a mediator