A public health researcher conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate the effectiveness of three preventive dental procedures—topical fluoride application, pit and fissure sealants, and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART)—in reducing dental caries among school children. A sample of 60 students aged 6-12 years was randomly selected from three primary schools. Each child received the three treatments in a random order at different intervals over a 12-month period, with caries measurements taken at six time points: baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-treatment. The main goal was to assess the effectiveness of each procedure in preventing the progression of dental caries.

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