How to increase the electrical conductivity in the outer layer (ZnO: Al) of the photovoltaic cell?
Dear Abdelkader,
welcome,
In the fine grain structure, the conductivity is controlled to a great extent by the resistance of the grain boundary, while the the effect of doping is minor.
As the grain size increases the effect of the bulk resistance comes into play and in this case the doping may affect the conductivity. For such structures, there is is an optimum doping to achieve the lowest possible conductivity.
There is some papers focused on the issue of changing the conductivity AZnO by aluminum doping. See for example:
https://www.epj-conferences.org/articles/epjconf/pdf/2012/11/epjconf_emm2012_00002.pdf
Best wishes
Dear Abdrlkader
Additionally to Dr. Abdelhalim answer, the doping ratio affect on the conductivity, therefore you must take the suitable doping ratio to get on highest conductivity for this layer.
With my best wishes
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