A typical UPS spectrum usually has two intersections with baseline, from which the width of binding energy (⊿E) is determined. The width value of He I UPS spectra (21.22 eV) is used as the standard. The valence band energy (Ev) of a semiconductor can be calculated by subtracting the width of the He I UPS spectra from the determined width of binding energy (⊿E -21.22 eV). The calculated value in eV can be converted to potentials in volts according to the reference standard for which 0 V versus RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) equals to –4.44 eV versus vacuum level.