Please have a look at these PDFs...

Please have a look at these PDFs...

Maybe measuring of chlorophyll-a in water will be better. Chlorophyll-a is tested in lakes to determine how much algae is in the lake.

Please refer these documents...

Please have a look at enclosed document..

thanks a lot Anoop Kumar Srivastava sir Anoop Kumar Srivastava these documents are quite helpful.

thanks for your suggestion Marta Litynska

Use diatomic indices....Refer to this document

thanks R.E. Ita, I will try but the problem i am facing is their identification... this stream is full of diatoms

Try remote sensing of chlorophyll , match with chemical indices including macro ad micro elements for reconciliation and gaining an idea if utility outweighs inaccuracies validated with some biological studies aforementioned. This could yield a broader regional sense of what is happening as well local scales of input and impacts.

Hi Dr. Ravinder Kumar,

I think that a development of such index may be a result of multi-year observations in your area's waters, including Chl, CDOM, particulate matter, reflective and transmitting properties etc. On the first stage these observations may help to obtain relationships between measured optical properties and Chl-a. After that, you can think about the next step - remote-sensing Chl (and other water components as well) evaluation. We have several publications on these issues at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leonid_Sokoletsky/contributions where such approaches are described in details.

Try the remote sensing of Chlorophyll - I think it would be the fastest and cheapest method with still good accuracy especially if you are working on a larger scale. You can also try with transmitting properties of your water or Colored dissolved organic matter although it may not be as useful in your case.

Try using algae identification keys to achieve this aim in the laboratory. Take a look at this pdfs. They should be of help to you.

Thank you everyone...Your comments are quite encouraging and helpful.

If I use remote sensing technique, Is it possible to monitor river or stream ecosystem using visible spectral data or I have to procure data in other spectral ranges?

Thanks

Dear Ravinder and members;

Phycocynainin, a pigment in cyanobacteria is a measure of blue green algae productivity, from which aflotoxins on their decomposition is problematic. the optical properties of inland waters is controlled by various combinations of algae, suspended sediments, and coloured dissolved organic matter.

Chlorophyll-alpha has a reflectance peak near 560nm, a reflectance trough at 665-675nm, another peak at 685nm related to solar induced florescence and a reflectance peak around range- 700-710nm.

Spectrophotometer (MEIRS) on ENVISAT and an AisaEAGLE airborne system (480 bands in range 400-970nm) (by the Galileo Group, Melbourne, Florida. The spectral resolution was 10nm and spatual resolution 2nm.

This was carried out at Fremont Lakes , Nebraska, a popular recreation destination which had to be closed due to algae toxins.

Water samples were analysed to determine chlorophyll and particulate concentrations and presence of phycocyanin. A correlation was established between hyperspectral reflectance at sample location and laboratory measurements.

Concentrations of chlorophyll and presence of phycocyanin were successfully monitored. There was no consistent single index that could determine microcystine toxin with confidence. In the absence of directly measuring toxins, detecting chlorophyll-a indicative of potential microcyctin toxin problems.

See Gurlin , D. 2012 NIR Models for remote estimation of Chlorophyll a. Dissertating and Thesis in Natural Resources Paper 46, University of Nebraska:133p.

The MERIS instrument on the European Space Agency's (ESA) ENVISAT is currently mapping the distribution of chlorophyll, and potential pollution and fisheries problems on a global scale.

On a general Pollution: remote environmental sensing of surface waters.

This is possible due to the uniformity against a clean background of water. . Features that can be monitored include surface slicks and emulsions, suspended solids, changes in depth, water clarity, algal blooms effluent, and thermal discharges and mixing zones.

Equipment used commonly includes black and white B/W colour or colour infra red cameras and scanners, ultraviolet scanners, airborne laser flour sensors, radar,, thermal scanners and Lidar. B/W, colour and infrared-imagery can show sediment plumes due to riverbank or coastal erosion, algal blooms, resulting from excess runoff of fertilizer or sewage discharge as leaks or intentional, and water clarity changes due to salinity\or turbidity.

For Algae Take for example Algal blooms (shown in red) in the Adriatic Sea, near Ravian, Italy by older Landsat imagery (1989, Geospace, Inc, Bad Ischl, Austria for EOSAT (now GeoEye/Digital Globe, Longmont, CO). For salinity look at water clarity as salinity increases in Great Salt Lakes , Utah by Landsat-2 MSS 4-2-1 image processed by ERIM (now Michigan Tech Research Institute of Michigan technology University.

Ultraviolet scanners and laser fluorescence reveal the presence of naturally occurring or manmade surface slicks and many types of organic effluents. Radar reveals surface roughness that might indicate where discharge is occurring. Thermal scanners can detect oil slicks as well hot water discharge pollution from industrial sites such as refineries or power plants.

Finally Hyperspectral scanners can detect mineral precipitates on river beds resulting from natural acid rock drainage (ARD) acid mine drainage (AMD) mine discharge.

AT Lakes Creek watershed , Arkansas River Basin, Colorado ARD from sulphide rich porphyry systems dissolve high levels of metals and acids for up to 30km downstream. Similarly for King River in Tasmania, Australia from the Queenstown mining district.

Regards, Bernhard.

In the Lake Creek watershed precipitate sulphates (Jarosite, copiapite, melanterite), oxides (lepidocrocite, goethite, maghemite, ferrihydrite), and hydroxide. Since certain minerals ( can only occur in spacific pH ranges this indicates the pH of the river system For example iron minerals from spring or mine pyrite source , which will also indicate pH , a typical trend would be; Jarosite (ph 2-3); Schwertmenite (pH 3-6), Ferryhidrite ( pH 4.5>= ), Goethite pH + 7

See Hauff.PL et al 2006 Hyperspectral sensing of acid Mine drainage-Two Colorado case examples. In R.I. Barnhisel (ed) Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, American society of Mining an reclamation: (738-762)