Ahmed Gareh leishmania parasites in the form of amastigote inside macrophage develop and control the cytokine production machinery from Th1 to Th2 which mainly produce IL-10 and TGF-β and since the parasites are intracellular organisms thereby prevent macrophage from killing them and resist immunity.
Dear Ahmed Gareh, Leishmania sp. evolved in severe contact with immune system of the host in complex conditions. Depending on the type of Leishmaniasp., there are various types of immune responses working together developing different mechanisms to evade or modulate the immune response during Leishmania spp. infections, which resulted in parasite clearance. The below article may be help you obviously:
“How to master the host immune system? Leishmania parasites have the solutions!”
Matteo Rossi and Nicolas Fasel
doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxx075
Best regards
Abdul Kadir
leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection.
Antigenic variation: leishmania parasite equally have the potentials of varying it's surface antigen thereby making it difficult to be detected and destroyed by the host immune system
In their amastigote forms, they invade the cytoplasm of macrophages and hide
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